Full Explanatory Supplement 28 January 2013 PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 28 Jan 2013 11:38:09 CET Main Page 1 Main Page Very important information for new users: READ ME FIRST. Very important information for all users: News. If you are reading the printed version of this ES wiki, the online version can be found at the URL: [1] http:/ / www. sciops. esa. int/ wikiSI/ planckpla/ index. php?title=Main_Page& instance=Planck_PLA_ES . For help with editing the Explanatory Supplement consult the User's Guide [2] for a detailed User Guide of the MediaWiki software or the Explanatory Supplement Help page for the guidelines on editing the ES. A set of books (a collection of pages that can easily be printed together as a pdf file) can be found here. We also have a page explaining how to create your own book. PDF Book: A book with the full contents can be found here and a pdf version updated weekly can be found here:. Explanatory supplement By Planck Collaboration The Explanatory Supplement is a reference text to the public data delivered from the operations of the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite during its mission. 1. The Planck mission (Dupac) 2. The satellite 1. The service module 1. Thermal design: Passive cooling | Active cooling | Qualification and performance (Mendes) 2. HFI design, qualification, and performance (Lamarre/Pajot) 3. LFI design, qualification, and performance(Gregorio) 4. The telescope 5. Others 1. The standard radiation environment monitor (Mendes) 2. The fiber optic gyro unit 3. Ground Segment and Operations 1. Ground segment overview (Dupac) 2. Contingencies 3. Operational history 4. Survey scanning and performance (Dupac) 5. Thermal environment 6. Radiation environment (Mendes) 7. Pointing performance (Dupac) 4. Data processing 1. Data flow overview 2. On-board processing 3. MOC processing 4. HFI Data Processing (Bouchet) 1. Pre-processing (Vibert) 2. TOI processing (Desert) Main Page 2 3. Detectors pointing & beam (Crill/Jones/Jaffe) 4. Map-making (Perdereau) 5. Spectral response (Spencer) 6. Internal overall validation (Ganga) 7. Power spectra (Hivon) 8. Summary of HFI data characteristics & the RIMO content (Bouchet) 5. LFI data processing: Introduction (Zacchei) 1. Pre-processing (Frailis) 1. Overview 2. The LFI scientific telemetry 3. From packets to raw TOIs 4. On-board time reconstruction 2. TOI processing (Mennella) 1. To be completed 2. ADC Correction (Galeotta/Watson) 3. Spikes Removal (Tavagnacco) 4. Gaps Filling (Galeotta/Polenta) 5. Gain Modulation Factor 6. Diode Combination 7. Planet Flagging 8. Photometric calibration (Galeotta) 9. Noise estimation (Maino) 1. Overview 2. Operations 3. Fitting Pipeline 4. The final noise parameters 3. Detector Pointing (Maris/Galeotta) 1. Wobble Angle 2. Stellar Aberration 4. Beams (Sandri/Villa) 1. Main Beams and Focal Plane calibration 2. Effective beams 5. Map-making (Keihanen) 1. Frequency Maps (Elina Keihanen) 2. Noise Covariance Matrix (Anna-Stiina Suur-Uski) 3. Half-ring jackknife Noise Maps (Jussi Valiviita) 4. Noise Montecarlo Simulation (Hannu Kurki-Suonio) 6. LFI systematic effects uncertainties (Mennella) 7. LFI internal overall validation (Maino) 8. LFI specific L3 activities: masks, MCQA, etc 1. power spectra: intra-frequency checks & aggregation, LFI specific checks, ...) 2. Band pass information 3. Polarisation information 9. Summary of LFI data characteristics & the RIMO content 6. HFI/LFI joint data processing Main Page 3 1. Compact Source catalogues (Ashdown/Nuevo/Caniego) 2. CMB map cleaning from Foreground emissions (Ashdown/Baccigalupi) 3. CMB Power spectra and Planck likelihood code CLIK(Bouchet/Natoli) 4. Simulations (TBC, bouchet) 7. Scientific analyses products (bouchet) 8. PSO processing (To be removed) 5. Planck Legacy Archive(Dupac) 1. Mission science products 1. Timelines (Not in 1st Release) 2. Single detector maps (Not in 1st Release) 3. Frequency Maps: Types of maps | List of products | FITS file structure 4. Astrophysical component maps: CMB | Synchrotron and free-free | Anomalous dust | Dust opacity | CO emission | Other maps 5. Effective Beams 6. Catalogues: Early Release Compact Source Catalogue | Compact Sources | SZ Clusters 1. Angular power spectra 2. Planck Likelihood Code 3. The RIMO: Detector-level data | Map-level data | Band transmissions | Detector noise spectra | Beam Window Functions 2. Additional Science products 1. Data products 1. Specially processed maps 2. Additional catalogues 3. Additional angular power spectra 4. The Planck Sky Model (Not in 1st Release) 2. Ancillary data 1. Scientific data used to generate Planck products 2. Simulation data 3. Mission history: Survey history data | Satellite history data (Dupac) 4. Payload design, performance and calibration data 1. Instrument performance 2. Telescope 3. Thermal and cooler system 4. Fiber optic gyro (Not in 1st Release) 5. Space radiation environment monitor 5. Software utilities 1. Unpack and display (ESA) 2. Unit conversion and Color correction (DPC) 3. Print and plot (ESA) 4. Analysis (ESA) 5. Format conversion (ESA) 2. Glossary 3. Appendix 4. References Main Page 4 References [1] http:/ / www. sciops. esa. int/ wikiSI/ planckpla/ index. php?title=Main_Page& instance=Planck_PLA_ES [2] http:/ / meta. wikimedia. org/ wiki/ Help:Contents 5 The Planck Mission The Planck mission Introduction Planck is a space telescope of the European Space Agency designed to answer key cosmological questions. Its main goal is to determine the geometry and content of the Universe, and which theories describing the birth and evolution of the Universe are correct. To achieve this ambitious objective, it observed the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB), emitted about 14 billion years ago, just over 300,000 years after the Big Bang. Today the CMB permeates the Universe and is observed to have an average temperature of 2.7 K. Small deviations from this average value (the so-called anisotropies), observable at angular scales larger than ∼5 arcminutes, encode a wealth of information on the properties of the Universe in its infancy. The objective of Planck is to measure these properties with an unprecedented accuracy and level of detail. As with all ESA scientific missions, Planck was developed in a partnership with the European scientific community. Two consortia of scientific institutes, each led by a Principal Investigator, developed and delivered to ESA two instruments designed specifically for Planck. Each of these instruments targets a specific number of wavelength bands within the range in which the CMB is observable. Together, the two instruments are capable of collecting data of a quality adequate to measure the CMB signal and distinguish it from other confusing sources. A large telescope collects the light from the sky and deliver it to the The Planck collaboration institutes. instruments for measurement and analysis. The reflectors of the Planck telescope were developed and delivered to ESA by a Danish consortium of institutes. ESA retains overall management of the project, develops and procures the spacecraft, integrates the instruments into the spacecraft, and launches and operates it. Planck was launched on May 14th 2009 on an Ariane 5 rocket together with the Herschel Space Observatory. After launch, they were both placed into orbits around the L2 Lagrange of the Sun-Earth system, located about 1.5 million km from the Earth. From that far vantage point, Planck sweeped the sky regularly in large swaths, and covered it fully about six times. Each of the two instrument consortia operated their respective instrument and processed all the data into usable scientific products. At the end of the mission the consortia delivered the final products to ESA, which archives them and distributes them to the community. The Planck mission 6 Early operations and transfer to orbit Planck was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais in Kourou (French Guyana) on 14 May 2009 at its nominal lift-off time of 13:12 UT, on an Ariane 5 ECA rocket of Arianespace2. ESA’s Herschel observatory was launched on the same rocket. At 13:37:55 UT, Herschel was released from the rocket at an altitude of 1200 km; Planck followed suit at A timeline of the Planck operations and archiving. 13:40:25UT. The separation attitudes of both satellites were within 0.1 deg. of prediction. The Ariane rocket placed Planck with excellent accuracy (semimajor axis within 1.6 % of prediction), on a trajectory towards the second Lagrangian point of the Earth-Sun system (L2) . The orbit describes a Lissajous trajectory around L2 with a ∼6 month period that avoids crossing the Earth penumbra for at least 4 years. After release from the rocket, three large manoeuvres were carried out to place Planck in its intended final orbit. Once in its final orbit, very small manoeuvres are required at approximately monthly intervals (1 ms−1 per year) to keep Planck from drifting away from its intended path around L2. The attitude manoeuvres required to followthe scanning strategy require about 2.6 ms−1 per year. Overall, the excellent performance of launch and orbit manoeuvres will lead to a large amount (∼160 kg, or ∼40% of initial tank loading) of fuel remaining on board at end of mission operations. Planck started cooling down radiatively shortly after launch. Heaters were activated to hold the focal plane at 250 K, which was reached around 5 h after launch. The valve opening the exhaust piping of the dilution cooler