BOOKS AND MEDIA abduction, Ms. Hearst is held captive in a closet by the SLA, a disorganized and ragtag counterculture group with an “anarchic intensity” (p 15) and an American Heiress: The Wild attraction to “guerilla theater” (p 15) and media at- Saga of the Kidnapping, tention. In her evolving relationship with the SLA, Ms. Hearst becomes part of their political escapades: Crimes, and Trial of Patty they demand the Hearst family pay for food for the Hearst poor in California, rob banks at gunpoint together, and participate in a police shoot-out that remains the By Jeffrey Toobin. New York: Doubleday, 2016. 384 pp. largest in American history. As Ms. Hearst’s hands $28.95 are freed from cuffs and wrapped around weaponry instead, she adopts the name “Tania” and spends a Jeffrey Toobin, attorney, staff writer at The New year on the run with the SLA avoiding authorities, Yorker, and legal commentator on CNN, has taken becoming romantically involved with her abductors, on the life and times of Patty Hearst, heiress turned and forgoing multiple opportunities to escape them, urban terrorist in the 1970s. Mr. Toobin’s previous once again raising the question of whether “Tania” subjects include the Supreme Court and O. J. Simp- was a product of the coercion of capture or the liber- son. The context of Ms. Hearst’s transformation was ation of a persona dormant in the heiress all along. the post-Vietnam War unrest in America, manifest- Mr. Toobin correctly notes that, despite the reso- ing as pop-up anarchy. Mr. Toobin, by extensive use nation between the details of the kidnapping of of back stories and inside information, renders her Hearst and the events in Stockholm, the similarities seemingly inexplicable story organic with the times, were not the focus of the trial, likely because too little and brings this era to life. time had elapsed between the eponymous robbery In his Author’s Note, Mr. Toobin expresses regret and the trial for the theory to be applicable. Stock- that Ms. Hearst declined to participate in the project. holm Syndrome has been used to describe the posi- The absence of her direct perspective, however, en- tive emotional bond a kidnap victim can come to ables the reader to experience her saga exactly the way experience toward his captor.1 Hearst’s defense in- the American people, and her jury would, with only stead rested on the concept of mind control and the a pattern of reported facts and the opportunity for idea that she could not be convicted because she multiple, if conflicting, interpretations to explain lacked the requisite criminal intent, having been them. As the title promises, Mr. Toobin recounts the forced into these actions against her will and under kidnapping, crimes, and trial of Patty Hearst, and the threat of harm. recreates the struggle for the reader of the central Hearst’s lawyer, F. Lee Bailey, hired three psychi- question of her case: was Patty Hearst a willing par- atrists to evaluate her state of mind at the time of the ticipant in the crimes she committed, paradoxically crimes; in legal terms, the defense narrowed to “phys- liberated from the trappings of her previous life by ical coercion.” As Mr. Toobin points out, this de- her abduction by the Symbionese Liberation Army fense was a very narrow one and “not, strictly speak- (SLA)? Or, was she coerced into these acts under the ing, a defense of brainwashing, which doesn’t exist in threat of death and instead the victim of a phenom- federal court in the United States” (p 297). The pros- enon similar to Stockholm Syndrome? ecutors objected to the defense psychiatrist’s expert The Prologue begins with the dramatic kidnap- testimony on grounds that it was irrelevant, since the ping of Ms. Hearst, the privileged daughter of Ran- psychiatrists could not attest to whether Hearst was dolph and Catherine Hearst. Ms Hearst was a soph- physically compelled to rob the bank. The court de- omore at the University of California and had nied their motion, stating that “whether the defen- become recently engaged to a teaching fellow at the dant’s initial status as a kidnap victim and the subse- same university. Questions arise early about tensions quent treatment...deprived her of the requisite between Ms. Hearst and her family, her tendency general intent to commit the offense charged—is not toward rebellion, and her concerns about feeling only relevant to the asserted defense of coercion but trapped by the life that stretched before her on a also beyond the common experience of most jurors “kind of automatic pilot” (p 23). After her brutal and within the special competence of the experts.”2 Volume 45, Number 1, 2017 125 Books and Media The defense proceeded with Dr. Louis West, who References testified that Hearst’s state of mind was such that “for 1. Cantor C, Price J: Traumatic entrapment, appeasement, and 3 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: evolutionary perspectives her, it was to be accepted or to be killed.” Dr. Mar- of hostage reactions, domestic abuse and the Stockholm syn- tin Orne lent credence to Hearst’s testimony by de- drome. AustNZJPsychiatr 41:377–84, 2007 scribing her answers as “very different from what I 2. U.S. v. Hearst, 412 F. Supp. 889 (N.D. Cal. 1976) 3 3. Social Science and Coercion as a Defense in Kidnapping Cases would have gotten from somebody simulating,” Patricia Hearst: Kidnap Victim to Criminal? Available at https:// whereas Dr. Robert J. Lifton found that “after phys- courses2.cit.cornell.edu/sociallaw/student_projects/kidnapping. ical and psychological abuse there’s a . tremen- html. Accessed November 20, 2016 dous eagerness to comply in any way possible and necessary...tosurvive.”3 Kimberly Resnick, MD The prosecution characterized Hearst as “ex- Kenneth J. Weiss, MD tremely independent, strong-willed, rebellious, in- Philadelphia, PA telligent,” traits that are in opposition to those ripe for coercion. Prosecution psychiatrist, Dr. Joel Fort, noted Hearst’s dissatisfaction with her pre- vious life, depicting the kidnapping as “perversely, The Night Of almost a form of liberation” (p 301). The second Written by Richard Price and Steven Zaillian. Directed by psychiatrist, Dr. Harry Kozol, supported Dr. Steven Zillian and James Marsh. Appeared on HBO. First Fort’s conclusions, calling Hearst “a rebel in search Episode July 10, 2016. of a cause” (p 302), and opined “this was all in her...without knowing it, for a long time” (p The Night Of is a litmus test of our views on justice. 302). In the end, the jury agreed, and the defense The HBO limited series premiered on July 10, 2016, failed. and ran for eight episodes. The story is relatively Ultimately, Mr. Toobin does not answer the ques- simple, hardly distinguishable from other police pro- tion at the heart of the Hearst saga as to whether she cedurals. The network describes the show as a “ficti- made a voluntary decision to join the SLA. Never- tious murder case in New York City...follow[ing] theless, he recreates for the reader both the shifts in the police investigators and legal proceedings, all while examining the criminal justice system and pur- the public’s mood toward the heiress and the debate 1 between victimization and responsibility. In refer- gatory of Riker’s Island.” Yet the tense pacing, vivid character portrayals, and unresolved questions dis- ence to the trial, Mr. Toobin comments that “the tinguish it from other crime dramas. Its ambiguity battle of experts did have one clear loser: the psychi- allows viewers to create their own narrative, largely atric profession itself” (p 303), supporting his state- filtered through their views on crime and justice. ment with the observation that “leaders in the field In the first episode we meet Pakistani-American reached diametrically opposing conclusions based on protagonist Nasir “Naz” Khan (played by Riz the same evidence—that is, the contents of Patricia’s Ahmed, British actor and rapper). We watch as he head” (p 303). attends calculus class, views basketball games, visits Since the trial of Ms. Hearst, the field of forensic his parents, and helps other students with their studies. psychiatry has come a long way. The presence of He appears quiet, thoughtful, and intelligent. Soon, he conflicting interpretations of the same data does not is arrested for the brutal murder of a young woman he undermine the credibility of the field, but reinforces had met the previous night: The Night Of, that is. its very importance to the judicial process. Because We have no sense of Nasir’s interior monologue the inner workings of the mind of another human are during or surrounding his arrest. He appears doe- so complex, the application of psychiatric principles eyed, frightened, and without recollection of a mur- to legal cases remains challenging. This book, enter- der, despite finding the body upstairs. At this point, taining and enlightening, also serves to emphasize the viewer is confronted with the driving question of the importance of forensic psychiatry and how it is the series: did Nasir Khan do it? both shaped by the time in which it is practiced, and After meeting the victim Andrea (Sofia Black- has the power to shape the narratives that define the D’Elia), a passenger who randomly gets into his fa- time. ther’s borrowed cab, Naz says of himself, “You do 126 The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.