10/29/15 1 The Revolt in the Netherlands Cardinal Granvelle • Chosen by Philip II • Goal was to unify Netherlands politically and religiously • Merchant towns were strongly Calvinist • Opposed by Count of Egmont and William of Nassau Politique (Politics > Religion) • Removed following an attempt to tighten control 2 The Compromise • Philip II declared Netherlands enforce decrees of Council of Trent and Inquisition • Protestant lesser nobility led by Louis of Nassau opposed this with covenant known as the Compromise • Riots broke out but rebellion failed to materialize Largely due to lack of support from upper nobility Shocked by iconoclasm and anarchy of rioters 3 The Duke of Alba • Philip dispatched duke of Alba • Netherlands ruled by a special tribunal “Council of Troubles” among Spanish “Council of Blood” among Netherlanders • Executed thousands of suspected heretics • Heavy taxes 4 Resistance and Unification • William of Orange was once exiled in the Germany, but now he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the independence for the Netherlands from Spain. • The Calvinist provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht were the base for William as he was the Stadholder (governor). • Political resistance in the Netherlands was organized and inspired by merging with Calvinism 1 • William of Orange enlisted the aid of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals after capturing the port city of Brill 5 The Pacification of Ghent • “Spanish Fury” - Spanish mercenaries slaughtered 7,000 Netherlanders in Antwerp 1576 • The 10 Catholic provinces joined 7 Protestant provinces in opposition to Spain • Pacification of Ghent - regional autonomy for religion Embraced with Union of Brussels in 1577 • 1577: Perpetual Edict - Spanish troops must leave Netherlands in 20 days Followed Netherlands victory against Don John 6 Union of Arras and Union of Utrecht • Spanish power revived in the South Combined with fear of Calvinist extremism • North independent of Spanish rule • North – Utrecht • South –Arras 7 Netherlands Independence • William of Orange was declared an outlaw by Philip II to break the resistance of the Northern provinces He had a bounty of 25,000 crowns on his head • In a famous speech, The Apology, the Estate General of Holland denounced Philip II as a non-religious tyrant that does not need to be obeyed • On July 22, 1581, the member provinces of the Union of Utrecht formally declared Philip no longer their ruler He was deposed and returned to france 1 The Revolt in the Netherlands Cardinal Granvelle • Chosen by Philip II • Goal was to unify Netherlands politically and religiously • Merchant towns were strongly Calvinist • Opposed by Count of Egmont and William of Nassau Politique (Politics > Religion) • Removed following an attempt to tighten control 2 The Compromise • Philip II declared Netherlands enforce decrees of Council of Trent and Inquisition • Protestant lesser nobility led by Louis of Nassau opposed this with covenant known as the Compromise • Riots broke out but rebellion failed to materialize Largely due to lack of support from upper nobility Shocked by iconoclasm and anarchy of rioters 3 The Duke of Alba • Philip dispatched duke of Alba • Netherlands ruled by a special tribunal “Council of Troubles” among Spanish “Council of Blood” among Netherlanders • Executed thousands of suspected heretics • Heavy taxes 4 Resistance and Unification 10/29/15 • William of Orange was once exiled in the Germany, but now he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the independence for the Netherlands from Spain. • The Calvinist provinces of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht were the base for William as he was the Stadholder (governor). • Political resistance in the Netherlands was organized and inspired by merging with Calvinism • William of Orange enlisted the aid of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals after capturing the port city of Brill 5 The Pacification of Ghent • “Spanish Fury” - Spanish mercenaries slaughtered 7,000 Netherlanders in Antwerp 1576 • The 10 Catholic provinces joined 7 Protestant provinces in opposition to Spain • Pacification of Ghent - regional autonomy for religion Embraced with Union of Brussels in 1577 • 1577: Perpetual Edict - Spanish troops must leave Netherlands in 20 days Followed Netherlands victory against Don John 6 Union of Arras and Union of Utrecht • Spanish power revived in the South Combined with fear of Calvinist extremism • North independent of Spanish rule • North – Utrecht • South –Arras 7 Netherlands Independence • William of Orange was declared an outlaw by Philip II to break the resistance of the Northern provinces He had a bounty of 25,000 crowns on his head • In a famous speech, The Apology, the Estate General of Holland denounced Philip II as a non-religious tyrant that does not need to be obeyed • On July 22, 1581, the member provinces of the Union of Utrecht formally declared Philip no longer their ruler He was deposed and returned to france 2 .