SOUND OF THE ORGAN – ACOUSTICS OR ART? Václav Syrový Musical Acoustics Research Centre (MARC) Prague Sound Studio of Music Faculty, Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, Malostranské. nám. 13,11800 Praha 1, Czech Republic [email protected] www.hamu.cz/sound Abstract: The pipe organ represents a unique musical instrument in terms of technology, architectonic design and mainly sound. The source of the organ’s sound is the flue pipe – the simplest wind musical instrument in terms of acoustics and construction, with fixed pitch, loudness, timbre and room localization of tone in the entire organ along with its sound correlation to the acoustic properties of the room. 1. Introduction vibrating mechanism (oscillator) and consequent resonator, which also normally enables radiation of The organ is defined as a wind musical instrument the sound energy into the surrounding area. consisting one or more scale-like rows of Limitation of individual parts in the majority of individual flue and reed pipes which are made to musical instruments does not cause special sound by air under pressure directed from a wind- difficulties. If we take violins for example, it is the raising device (soundboard or wind-chest) and arrangement of bow, string and sound box. For the admitted to the pipes by means of valves operated clarinet, it’s the arrangement of airflow, the reed from a keyboard (manual, pedal). and the air column within the instrument, for the The basic aspects of timbre of sound of the organs tympani it is the arrangement of the mallet, comes from the mechanism of production the tone membrane and volume of wind within the drum in the flue pipe, and also from the philosophy of chamber. structure of organ sound, and finally from radiation For the flue pipe, the oscillator is limited, actuated of sound and its propagation within the real room. by wind flowing at the foot of the pipe, vibrating We can look upon these aspects in terms of both the air column within the body of the pipe. This is acoustics and of art. The whole of the pipes stands less obvious at first glance, and it is traditionally against the simple physical principle of flue and connected to the production of so-called friction reed pipes as an artifact made to evoke emotions tones, as described by Czech physicist Čeněk mainly through the sum of the elements of sound Strouhal in 1878. If the flow of wind is led through produced by these simple spatially-dislocated a narrow slit with sharp opening, the steady wind pipes. flow changes into turbulent, air vortex. A similar The sound of the pipe organ is attributed to phenomenon also occurs when wind flows through characteristic rationality due to the minimum a sharp edge. Along both sides of the slit or edges, participation of the musician, i.e. the organ player - there is formed a periodically repeating air vortex. organist, on the production of tone in the pipes, This periodicity gives production to friction tones, and due to the physically arranged structure of which clearly bring for example the rapid waving sound. In spite of this, it is this very rationality, of a stick, but at normal speeds of the flow of air, together with the conditions for propagating sound these friction tones have very low intensity. in the given room, which effects the subjective perception of the listener many times more The arrangement of mouth in the flue pipe emotionally than in the case of sound of other provides good conditions for the production of musical instruments. friction tones, which sometimes even deviate into so-called flue tones, i.e. tones originating by the throughput of wind along the space between the 2. The production of tone in the pipe lower lip and the languid, and for edged tones, i.e. tones emanating from the wind bundle on the edge The analytical model of the musical instrument of the upper lip. forms a connection of the drive mechanism The mouth of the organ is directly connected with (exciter) as a source of energy with its own the air column, which is distinguished by strong resonance qualities and which evidently frequency of the tone of the pipe. Therefore the predominates in terms of energy. The influence of diameter of the opening of the pipe influences no the air column however is so great and so specific only the degree of non-harmonicity of the that it fundamentally influences the described resonance modes of the air column, but also the mechanism of friction tones. If we prevent intensity of higher harmonic components in the vibrating of the air column, we may set a regime of resulting tone. With the rising diameter or cross the production of friction tones and also associate section, the content of the higher harmonic the sound working point of individual pipes within components in the tone drop, which becomes one stop. The influence of the primary friction “rounder”, and vice versa. The dimensional tones, to which acousticians and organ builders relations of one pipe and between pipes mutually give credit for significant meaning upon creation form so-called scaling, which in a significant of a tone in the flue pipe, actually regresses upon manner influence the character of the tone, mainly vibration of the air column. then its timbre in both the sense of individual stops, and in the sense of dependence on the pitch That is, the methods of making the sound more of the tone during the course of every stop. visible were discovered by a true oscillator – an air reed in the mouth of the pipe, which differ greatly from the mechanism of friction tones, uninfluenced by the air column . The vibrating reed is relatively 3. Structure of the organ sound sharp-edged and does not have the character of Back in antiquity, the pipe organ brought with it wind vortex as friction tones. During this period, the basic philosophy of contrast of sound of one its effective length changes, which from the flue pipe and the sound of the entire ensemble of acoustic viewpoint represents an actually changed these pipes. On sacral ground, this inner contrast effective height of the mouth. The regime of was gradually led to outer unity of the instrument oscillations of the reed can influence in part the sound in close relation to the acoustic properties of position of the edge of the upper lip against the the room. Here, organs also came into contact for flue (windway), and in part by the design of the the first time with choir singing, and with its basic flue, i.e. its width, the languid bevel of the pipe and sound differentiation of male bass and female, or nicks on the languid. then more properly worded, boyish treble. The listed voicing interventions are projected into From imitating this vocal differentiation, a chorus both the character and the timbre of the tone of the principle developed of stop-list in the dialog of pipe. The bias of oscillations of the reed inside the male voices – “core” principales and female voices pipe leads to a stronger, but less timbreful tone, “soft” flutes. The multi-voice likeness of choral and deflection out from the pipe to a weaker, but singing (organum) stems from parallel-led voices more timbrefully rich tone. Nicks on the languid towards the basic voice (vox principalis), has lead to limiting the production of rush and noise projected itself into the philosophy of pipe organ components upon initiating a tone and make sound built on the basic stop – Principal. voicing of the pipes easier. Towards this came the necessity to handle the The qualities of the organ tone are in a much room in terms of energy, which would only be greater measure determined by its own resonators possible by way of rationally built structure of – air column, which in the coupled system with air sound. That is, the sound power of the tone rises reed evidently dominate in terms of energy. The much more quickly, when the tone is enriched by frequency of the tone of the flue pipe is given by higher harmonic components, than when this tone the length of the air column and its type of ending. is only replicated in unison. Every pipe has an open end in its mouth and an open, closed (stopped) or semi-closed (partially Therefore, the rationale of structure of the tone of stopped) end at its upper opening. The functional one pipe brought over to the rationale of structure length of the air column that determines the pitch of sound of the ensemble of the pipes and of the pipe tone is larger than the corresponding arrangement of individual series of pipes in the mechanical dimension. sense of tonal pitch corresponded to the sequence of higher harmonic components of a single tone. That is, the air column is burdened by the radiation This principle of structure of the so-called sound impedance of the mouth or upper end, and this pyramid of the organ, which does not exist in any impedance is dependent no only on the shape and other musical instrument or ensemble of dimension of the opening, but also on the instruments, became typical and unique even in its historical development and relation, mainly to 4. Radiation and propagation of the sacral places. organ sound The sound of the pipe organ in its dominant From the standpoint of radiation of the sound, pipe likeness is given by a “addition” of tones of organs represent an ensemble (in simplified terms) various ranks of pipes – individual stops, which of acoustic sources of two types: stopped flue pipes differentiate from one another in pitch, loudness with an radiation opening in the mouth, and reed and timbre (including the character of attack) of pipes with radiation opening in the end resonator the tone, and in the competency towards the partial as a simple emitter, more frequently opened (also whole of the pipe organ – so-called werk, which is half-stopped) flue pipes with two radiation precisely defined along not only sound terms but openings (in mouth and the end) similar to acoustic also in terms of the localized space.