POULENC ORGAN CONCERTO SAINT-SAËNS SYMPHONY NO. 3 (ORGAN) YANNICK NÉZET-SÉGUIN conductor JAMES o’donNELL organ LONDON PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA Recorded on the Royal Festival Hall organ at London’s Southbank Centre POULENC CONCErto IN G MINOR FOR OrgaN, StriNGS AND TimpaNI Andante – Allegro giocoso – Andante moderato The Organ Concerto bears that theory out. – Tempo Allegro, molto agitato – Poulenc described the piece as ‘grave and Très calme: Lent – Tempo de l’Allegro initial – austere’, but it launches with a wildly tongue- Tempo d’introduction: Largo in-cheek refraction of music then two centuries old: the opening organ motif is a spiked, When Francis Poulenc was growing up in discordant reference to the organ’s godfather, Paris, the city was the centre of the art- Johann Sebastian Bach. As it proceeds through music universe. Debussy had given birth to seven connected sections, the piece embraces modernism here; Stravinsky had unleashed his a far wider range of emotions than Poulenc’s game-changing Rite of Spring here. All the way two previous keyboard concertos had. As in, for from the streets of Harlem on the other side of example, the second section, Allegro giocoso, the Atlantic, the intoxicating rhythms of jazz which appears to jerk the organ out of the had found their way here too. church and into the fairground – from one traditional home to another. There’s tenderness The latter proved particularly influential in the ensuing Andante moderato, the heart among a group of Parisian composers who of the work and a movement that through established something of a counter-culture. antiphonal exchanges from organ and strings As a reaction against the big, bold gestures of blossoms into something almost Romantic. It Debussy and Stravinsky (and indeed Hector could have been this movement that prompted Berlioz), the composers who formed the Poulenc to leap up onto the stage during an collective ‘Les Six’ erred towards the light- early rehearsal of the piece and ask the strings hearted and of-the-moment in their music. to imagine they were playing the famous Poulenc was one of them, but in a sense he ‘Méditation’ from Massenet’s ultra-Romantic was also the exception. He subscribed to the opera Thaïs. But the mischievous prankster of group’s quest for directness of expression and Poulenc’s youth is back in the rhapsodic chase slimmed-down musical textures, but a certain of the Tempo Allegro, which cranks upwards depth and darkness lay behind Poulenc’s through a series of doom-laden Mozartian work that has undoubtedly contributed to its intervals before what feels like another (and a longevity. now more respectful) homage to Bach in the air-like movement Très calme. SAINT-SAËNS SYMPHONY NO. 3 IN C MINOR (orgaN) The composer himself described the Organ I Adagio – Allegro moderato – Poco adagio Concerto as ‘Poulenc on the way to the II Allegro moderato – Presto – Maestoso – cloister’, and the clearest vision of his return Allegro to Catholicism – prompted by the sudden death of a colleague – is arguably found in the Francis Poulenc remained outside his country’s Concerto’s final pages. The sardonic opening venerable tradition of building, playing and gesture returns, but then rocking phrases from writing music for organs. But his predecessor the organ preface a sort of muted procession by a generation, Camille Saint-Saëns, was as a solo viola overlays a bed of breathy, part of that tradition’s furniture. Saint-Saëns sensuous organ chords. The piece was first spent two decades as organist of the church performed by soloist Maurice Duruflé and of La Madeleine in Paris, where he played an strings from the Orchestre de Paris in 1938 at instrument built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, the home of its commissioner the Princesse the engineer who invented the circular saw Edmond de Polignac (otherwise known as and effectively established the tradition of Winaretta Singer, she of sewing machine ‘symphonic’ organ composing (and playing) in fame). ‘Its profound beauty haunts me’, France by mechanical means. remarked the princess after that performance, and it could well have been those beatific final The organ, though, probably wasn’t the pages that made it so. first thing on Saint-Saëns’s mind when he came to write his Third Symphony. The piece was written for the London Philharmonic Society and the first performance, under the composer’s direction, was at St James’s Hall in London on 19 May 1886. The organ there wasn’t French and it wasn’t particularly big either. Saint-Saëns actually advised that a harmonium be used if an organ wasn’t available, which says a thing or two about his concept. A concerto this isn’t; the organ is really only That motto is first heard courtesy of the used to throw in some transitional chords and nervous string semiquavers that follow the colour the orchestral conversation. Symphony’s slow introduction. It’s this very theme – transformed into the major – that The latter fact is particularly relevant. Saint- forms the ‘big tune’ of the Symphony’s finale, Saëns expressed his desire ‘to take advantage famously thrust out on huge organ chords. The of advances in modern instrumentation’ in motto appears in numerous guises in between, his Third Symphony and the use of the organ often changing character chameleon- (not named in the Symphony’s original title) like according to its dramatic or musical was but one element of that. Another, and surroundings. Similarly the organ itself: it’s an arguably more interesting one, was the exhilarating in those final pages, but appears composer’s use of a piano within the orchestra, to speak in confidence in the mystical dialogue played by two pianists. with divided strings that comes earlier on. ‘Though this Symphony is divided into two The motto theme is derived from the Dies Irae parts, it does comprise in principle the four plainsong beloved of Liszt, and all Saint-Saëns’s traditional movements’, wrote Saint-Saëns themes, even the transitional and incidental, of the piece, adding that by avoiding the have a Lisztian cut and a propulsive, dramatic Germanic tradition of thematic development swagger. On top of what is effectively Saint- he ‘sought to avoid somewhat interminable Saëns’s harmonic conservatism and reliance on repeats and repetitions that are tending to the complex counterpoint between concurrent disappear from instrumental music’. In a themes, it makes for a piece of mouth- sense, though, the composer does ‘develop’ watering clarity, purpose and narrative depth. his themes, and in quite a remarkable way. Or, in the words of Marcel Proust, ‘the most Following the example of Liszt (to whom the beautiful of symphonies since Beethoven’s’. Symphony was dedicated), Saint-Saëns took a single musical ‘motto’ and transformed it as Programme notes © Andrew Mellor his Symphony proceeded. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ROYAL FESTIVAL HALL ORGAN by William McVicker, Southbank Centre Organ Curator Organ Reform Movement Both the works on this disc were recorded during Southbank Centre’s Pull Out All The Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965) had asked Stops festival launching the refurbished Royal some far-reaching questions concerning Festival Hall organ, complete for the first time the state of what was then contemporary since 2005. organ-building in Europe (c.1900). His research gave rise to a conference in Freiburg in 1926 which sought to re-establish the principles When the first details were published of of good organ-building. The 17th- and the proposed new organ for London’s Royal 18th-century instruments of the ‘classic’ Festival Hall, letters appeared in the pages period were rediscovered, and organ builders of newspapers and music journals criticising began to attempt to copy the sounds of it before even a note had been heard; in an these instruments – notably those built by article in The Times in March 1954, days before Arp Schnitger (1648–1719) and Gottfried the opening, ‘Our Music Critic’ predicted that Silbermann (1683–1753). This German organ the ‘tax-payer’s organ’ would introduce a revival became known as the Orgelbewegung. repertoire of strange new words – ‘mixture’, The seeds of this movement spread to America ‘mutation’, ‘harmonics’, ‘partials’ – and and it was there that Ralph William Downes described it disparagingly as a ‘large’ and (1904–93), the designer of the Royal Festival ‘expensive’ instrument. Hall organ, first encountered this burgeoning philosophy. After taking his degree at Oxford, Sixty years on these issues are not as Downes became Musical Director and organist contentious as they once were; this at Princeton University’s new chapel in 1928. instrument caused a reassessment of English When he returned to London in 1936, as organ design and had a far-reaching impact organist of the Brompton Oratory, he rapidly on organ-building culture. How was it that the established a reputation as a musician with project consultant and organ builders came to what was (at that time) a rare interest in produce such a radical scheme? historical performance practice. © William McVicker Commissioning the Organ revitalisation for post-war Britain: everything Downes was resident organist for the London was to be new; it represented the future Philharmonic Orchestra, and in 1948 was through invention, colour and excitement – commissioned by the London County Council a veritable ‘beacon for change’; it embraced (LCC) to design an organ for the Royal Festival a spirit of imagination and adventure, which Hall. From the very outset Downes sought an is wholly reflected in Downes’s thinking. The instrument that returned to some of the tonal inquisitive architectural spirit of the age owed design principles of the 17th and 18th century. much to continental design – both Italian He sought an organ that could do justice to and Scandinavian.