An Allied History of the Peloponnesian League: Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea By James Alexander Caprio B.A. Hamilton College, 1994 M.A. Tufts University, 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA January, 2005 © James A. Caprio, 2005 Abstract Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea became members of the Peloponnesian League at its inception in 506, although each had concluded an alliance with Sparta much earlier. The initial arrangement between each city-state and Sparta was reciprocal and membership in the League did not interfere with their individual development. By the fifth century, Elis, Mantinea, and Tegea had created their own symmachies and were continuing to expand within the Peloponnesos. Eventually, the prosperity and growth of these regional symmachies were seen by Sparta as hazardous to its security. Hostilities erupted when Sparta interfered with the intent to dismantle these leagues. Although the dissolution of the allied leagues became an essential factor in the preservation of Sparta's security, it also engendered a rift between its oldest and most important allies. This ultimately contributed to the demise of Spartan power in 371 and the termination of the Peloponnesian League soon thereafter. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Maps iv List of Abbreviations v Acknowledgements viii Introduction • 1 Chapter One: Elis 20 Chapter Two: Tegea and southern Arkadia 107 Chapter Three: Mantinea and northern Arkadia 181 Conclusion 231 Bibliography , 234 iii Maps Map 1: Elis 21 Map 2: Tegean Territory 108 Map 3: The Peloponnesos 109 Map 4: Phigalia 117 Map 5: Mantinea and Tegea 182 Map 6: Mantinea and its environs 182 Abbreviations Amit, Poleis M. Amit, Great and Small Poleis, part 3, (Brussels: Latomus, 1973). Cartledge, Agesilaos P. Cartledge, Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta. (London: Duckworth, 1987). Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia P. Cartledge, Sparta and Lakonia, 2nd ed. (1979: reprint, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 2002). CPCActs Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre CPCPapers Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre S. Dusanic, The Arkadian League of the Fourth Century Dusanic, Arkadian League (Belgrade: Belgrade University Press, 1970). W.G. Forrest, "Themistokles and Argos." CQ n.s. 10 Forrest, "Themistokles" (1960): 221-241. W.G. Forrest, A History of Sparta. (New York: W.W. Forrest, Sparta Norton and Company, 1968). G. Fougeres, Mantinee et 1' Arcadie Orientale. (Paris: Fougeres, Mantinee A. Fontemoing, 1898). M. N. Tod, ed., Greek Historical Inscriptions, 2 vols., GHI (1946, 1948: reprint, Chicago: Ares, 1985). CD. Hamilton, Sparta's Bitter Victories, Politics and Hamilton, Bitter Victories Diplomacy in the Corinthian War. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979). Hamilton, Agesilaus CD. Hamilton, Agesilaus and The Failure of The Spartan Hegemony. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991). HCT A.W. Gomme, A. Andrewes, and K.J. Dover. HistoricalCommentary on Thucydides. 4 Volumes. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950-6). Hodkinson, Mantinike S. Hodkinson, and H. Hodkinson, "Mantinea and Mantinike: Settlement and Society in a Greek Polis," ABSA 16 (1981): 242-6. Kagan, Outbreak D. Kagan, The Outbreak of The Peloponnesian War. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969). Kagan, Archidamian War D. Kagan, The Archidamian War. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974). Kagan, Peace D. Kagan, The Peace ofNicias and the Sicilian Expedition. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981). Lazenby, Peloponnesian War J.F. Lazenby, The Peloponnesian War. (London: Routledge, 2004). LSAG L. Jeffery, Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, 2nd Edition, revised by A. Johnston, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961). ML R. Meiggs, and David Lewis, eds. A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). vi Moggi, I sinecismi M. Moggi, I sinecismi interstatali greci (Pisa: Marlin, 1976). Nielsen, "Dependent Poleis " T.H. Nielsen, "A Survey of Dependent Poleis in Classical Arkadia." CPCPapers 3 (1996): 63-105. Nom. H., Van Effenterree, and F. Ruze. Nomina. Recueil d inscriptions politiques et juridiques de I'archaisme grec. 2 Volumes. (Rome: Collection de l'Ecole francaise de Rome, 188 1994 -1995). Pritchett, Greek Topography W.K. Pritchett, Studies in Ancient Greek Topography, part 2, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969). RE A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, and W, Kroll. Real- Encyclopddiea des klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. (Stuttgart: A, Druckenmuller, 1894 -). Robinson, First Democracies E.W. Robinson, The First Democracies. Historia ism. 107(1997), 108-11. Roy, "Perioikoi" J. Roy, "The Perioikoi of Elis," CPCActs 4 (1997): 282-320. de Ste. Croix, Origins G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War. (London: Duckworth, 1972). Wickert, peloponnesische Bund Wickert, K. Der peloponnesische Bund von seiner Enstehung bis zum Ende des archidamischen Krieges. (Diss. U. Erlangen-Niirnberg, 1962). vii Acknowledgements I wish to extend my thanks to my advisor, Dr. Phillip Harding, whose patience, guidance, and constant support have made this work and my whole graduate career at The University of British Columbia possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Hector Williams and Dr. Fracno De Angelis for their prompt and insightful remarks and corrections. I am also extremely grateful to the entire Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies at UBC for providing me with their valuable time and energy and for allowing me to continue my studies. Thank you to Dr. Ed Kadletz for being a great friend and colleague while I was at Ball State University, and to Dr. Walter Moskalew for all of his assistance and guidance. To my friends at UBC, in Bellingham, San Francisco, and Vancouver, thank you for your trust, understanding, hospitality, and patience. I would like to thank my father, Tony, who never stopped believing in me, and I would like to remember my mother, Rosemary, who never let anything get in the way of my pursuits. I cannot express in words my gratitude to my wife, Megan, who supported and encouraged me, waited patiently, and sacrificed so much so that we could be together. This dissertation is as much hers as it is mine. Jim Caprio, 2004 viii Introduction The Evolution and Structure of The Peloponnesian League Sparta's decision to prohibit its allies from maintaining individual regional alliances while they were members of the Peloponnesian League was a failure of Spartan policy and eventually led to the Peloponnesian League's demise. By limiting the expansion of its Peloponnesian allies and their regional leagues, Sparta alleviated a significant threat to its safety within the Peloponnesos. Rather than bolstering Sparta's alliance, however, this policy of limiting the existence of leagues within the Peloponnesian League led to dissension among League members. During periods of peace, the members of the Peloponnesian League were not restricted by their membership in the League or by their alliance with Sparta from expanding and developing their own alliances and leagues. After the inception of the League in 506 BCE, city-states pursued their own interests despite growing Spartan supremacy in the Peloponnesos. As long as the basic agreements of the League were met and Sparta's safety at home was secured, an ally's regional symmachy could and did exist. This consociation changed, however, during the latter half of the fifth century. The proliferation of these leagues and the threat Sparta believed they would eventually pose to its security prompted Sparta to take a much more aggressive approach and it began to dissolve the regional symmachies. Until now, there has been little emphasis placed on the presence of these smaller, regional leagues within the larger alliances and not enough examination of how these smaller symmachies operated within the larger. coalitions of ancient Greece. This dissertation 1 focuses, therefore, on three small, yet important regional leagues within the Peloponnesian League: the Elean League, the Tegean League, and the Mantinean League. This study investigates the origins of each regional symmachy and their relationships with Sparta and traces the development of these smaller regional alliances as they existed under the larger system of the Peloponnesian League from its inception in 506 BCE to its dissolution in 369 BCE. This approach illuminates the importance of the smaller communities in the Peloponnesos and how they were united by local and regional concerns.1 The three city-states studied herein shared common characteristics in respect to their development and relationship with Sparta. Elis was the first of the three to develop its own symmachy and to incorporate unwilling communities into its alliance. Although the Mantineans and Tegeans constructed their alliances much later, by 420 all three states had established regional alliances and acted as hegemons of their respective leagues. No previous study has placed significant emphasis on the importance of these leagues within the politics of the Peloponnesos and Sparta's Peloponnesian League. Nor has any study demonstrated the extent to which the smaller communities were able to influence Spartan policy by forming their own leagues. This dissertation, therefore, is a study of leagues within leagues, or more specifically, three regional Peloponnesian alliances within the Peloponnesian League. And so, it seems