Maps and Figures Maps 1. Location of the Shaolin Monastery 10 2. Shaolin’s contribution to Li Shimin’s campaign against Wang Shichong 24 3. Ming centers of monastic fighting 63 4. Some Henan sites associated with the Qing martial arts 124 Figures 1. Bodhidharma returning to the West on a 1209 Shaolin stele 15 2. The Rush-Leaf Bodhidharma on a 1624 Shaolin stele 16 3. Li Shimin’s autograph “Shimin” as copied onto the 728 Shaolin stele 27 4. Xuanzong’s imperial calligraphy on the 728 Shaolin stele 32 5. List of the thirteen heroic monks on the 728 Shaolin stele 34 6. Ninth-century Dunhuang painting of Vajrapâÿi 38 7. Vajrapâÿi’s sinewy physique in a Tang statue 39 8. Twelfth-century Shaolin stele of Nârâyaÿa (Vajrapâÿi) 41 9. The “Lifting-Sleeve Position” in Cheng Zongyou’s Shaolin Staff Method of 1621 60 10. Practice-sequence diagram from Cheng Zongyou’s Shaolin Staff Method of 1621 61 11. Abbot Wenzai’s 1517 Vajrapâÿi (Nârâyaÿa) stele 84 12. Vajrapâÿi (referred to as Kiœnara) atop Mt. Song 86 13. Vajrapâÿi’s (Kiœnara) Qing Shaolin statue 89 14. Arhat equipped with a staff; detail of an early seventeenth-century Shaolin fresco 90 15. Sun Wukong’s staff; late Ming (ca. 1625) woodblock illustration 94 16. Huiming manipulating the staff from horseback; woodblock illustration dated 1498 96 17. Late Ming woodblock illustration of Lu Zhishen manipulating the staff 98 ix x Maps and Figures 18. Huiming brandishing the staff; woodblock illustration dated 1614 99 19. Late Ming woodblock illustration of Sha Monk wielding the staff 100 20. The ring staff as the emblem of the monk; detail of a Xixia-period (1038–1227) wall painting 103 21. The staff as the emblem of the monk; Japanese portrait of the Chinese monk Yinyuan (1592–1673) 104 22. “The body method of the Shaolin monk” in Xuanji’s Acupuncture Points 115 23. Warning to readers in Xuanji’s Acupuncture Points 119 24. Palm postures betraying the influence of Buddhistmudr âs (Xuanji’s Acupuncture Points) 120 25. Buddhist hand symbolism (mudrâs) 121 26. The “Eight-Immortals Drunken Step” in Hand Combat Classic 122 27. Shaolin monks demonstrating to the Manchu official Lin Qing 128 28. Qing fresco of the Shaolin martial arts 130 29. Qing fresco of the Shaolin martial arts (detail) 130 30. The “Supreme Ultimate Eight Steps” in Hand Combat Classic 134 31. Massaging and qi circulation in the treatment of indigestion 143 32. First exercise of the Twelve-Section Brocade in Wang Zuyuan’s 1882 Illustrated Exposition 159 33. Shaolin statue of Weituo (Skanda) 161 34. “Weituo offering his [demon-felling] club” in a nineteenth- century edition of the Sinews Transformation Classic 162 35. The Shaolin “Bodhidharma Cane” 173 36. The unity of the three teachings in a 1565 Shaolin stele 176 37. The structure of martial arts mythology 179 38. Shaolin monks who fought under the Ming minister of war Yang Sichang 189.