The British School at Athens SPARTA AND LACONIA FROM PREHISTORY TO PRE-MODERN We gratefully acknowledge the support of the M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation and the J. F. Costopoulos Foundation in the publication of this volume SPARTA AND LACONIA FROM PREHISTORY TO PRE-MODERN Proceedings of the Conference held in Sparta, organised by the British School at Athens, the University of Nottingham, the 5th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the 5th Ephoreia of Byzantine Antiquities 17–20 March 2005 Organised by A. Bakourou, W. G. Cavanagh and A. Panagiotopoulou Edited by W. G. Cavanagh, C. Gallou and M. Georgiadis BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS STUDIES 16 Published and distributed by The British School at Athens Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU ©The Council, the British School at Athens Series Editor: Olga Krzyszkowska First published in Great Britain 2009 ISBN 978-0-904887-61-7 No part of this volume may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or stored in a retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher This book is set in Times New Roman 11/12 pt Designed and computer typeset by Rayna Andrew Printed in Great Britain by Short Run Press Ltd, 25 Bittern Road, Exeter, Devon EX2 7LW Contents List of figures vii List of tables xv List of plates xv List of abbreviations xvi Abstracts/Perilhvyei~ xvii Preface xxxi Introduction 1 Introduction: the Spartan tradition — a personal re-view 1 Paul Cartledge Part 1 Prehistoric Laconia 2 Archaeological investigations in the caves of Laconia 5 Ioanna Efstathiou-Manolakou 3 Mortuary behaviour in Alepotrypa Cave: assessments from the study of the human 21 osteological material Anastasia Papathanasiou 4 Archaeological finds from the area of Anthochori 29 Elena Zavvou 5 Interconnectivity in Early Helladic Laconia 43 Christopher Mee 6 Territory in prehistoric Laconia 55 William Cavanagh 7 Prehistoric Geraki; work in progress (2005) 67 Joost Crouwel 8 The Mycenaean presence in the southeastern Eurotas Valley: Vouno Panagias and Ayios Georgios 77 Emilia Banou 9 Epidaurus Limera: the tale of a Laconian site in Mycenaean times 85 Chrysanthi Gallou 10 To Mukhnai>kov ierov sto Amuklaivo: mia neva prosevggish 95 Katie Demakopoulou Part 2 Early Greek Laconia 11 Sparta from prehistoric to Early Christian times: observations from the excavations of 1994–2005 105 Elena Zavvou and Athanasios Themos 12 Some ivories from the Geometric stratum of Artemis Orthia, Sparta: interconnections between 123 Sparta, Crete and the Orient during the late eighth century BC Konstantinos Kopanias 13 The throne of Apollo at the Amyklaion: old proposals, new perspectives 133 Angelos Delivorrias 14 Some observations on the Laconian Droop cup: origin and influences 137 Maria Pipili 15 A silenus and a maenad: some bronze statuettes from the British excavations at Sparta reconsidered 143 Conrad M. Stibbe 16 Visualising fertility at Artemis Orthia’s site 159 Nicki Waugh Part 3 Classical and Hellenistic Laconia 17 Ancient quarries in Laconia 169 G. Kokkorou-Alevras, A. Chatziconstantinou, A. Efstathopoulos, E. Zavvou, N. Themos, K. Kopanias and E. Poupaki 18 Arcaiva gevfura sta perivcwra th~ Spavrth~ 181 Eleni Kourinou and Yanis Pikoulas vi CONTENTS 19 On the Spartan eirenes (Herodotus 9. 85) 187 Andronike Makres 20 Platanistas, the Course and Carneus: their places in the topography of Sparta 195 G. D. R. Sanders 21 Finding the limits of Laconia: defining and redefining communities on the 205 Spartan–Arkadian frontier James Roy 22 Les Karneia de Sparte (et la date de la bataille de Salamine) 213 Nicolas Richer 23 Continuity, connections and change in Hellenistic pottery from Geraki, Laconia 225 Elizabeth Langridge-Noti 24 The walls of Geraki 235 Stuart MacVeagh Thorne and Mieke Prent 25 Marble urns in the Sparta Museum 243 Eirene Poupaki 26 Laconian shoes with Roman senatorial laces 253 Nicholas Sekunda Part 4 Roman Laconia 27 The Southwest Cemetery of Roman Sparta: a preliminary account of the results of three 261 rescue excavations Athanasios Themos, Aphrodite Maltezou, Georgia Pantou, Giorgos Tsiangouris and Christos Phlouris 28 Parathrhvsei~ sthn poleodomiva th~ Rwmai>khv~ Spavrth~ 271 Georgios Steinhauer 29 New fragment of an Amazon sarcophagus from Laconia 279 Anna Vasiliki Karapanagiotou 30 Marcus Aurelius Alexys and the ‘homeland security’ of Roman Sparta 285 Nigel Kennell 31 Transitional periods in Roman Sparta observed in the pottery assemblages 293 Clare Pickersgill Part 5 Mediaeval and later Laconia 32 Topografikev~ parathrhvsei~ gia th Mesobuzantinhv Lakedaimoniva 301 Aimilia Bakourou 33 Merchants of Venice at Sparta in the 12th century 313 Pamela Armstrong 34 H basilikhv th~ akrovpolh~ th~ Spavrth~: provgramma evreuna~ 323 Evi Katsara 35 The Acropolis Basilica church, Sparta: the broader research issues 331 Rebecca Sweetman 36 O Lakedaimoniva~ Agio~ v Qeovklhto~: topografikev~ epishmavnsei~ 343 Evangelia Pantou 37 Newvtera stoiceiva gia to naov th~ Agiva~ Barbavra~ sthn vErhmo 351 Danaë Charalambous 38 Toicografive~ tou 15ou aiwvna sto Kavstro Gerakivou: evna topikov zwgrafikov ergasthvrio 361 th~ ovyimh~ Palaiolovgeia~ Periovdou sth Lakwniva; Julia Papageorgiou 39 The digital mapping programme of the Byzantine, post-Byzantine and modern monuments 369 of Mani and ruined Byzantine rural settlements in Laconian Mani Pari Kalamara, Iosif Efremidis and Leda Moschou 40 The cemeteries of Mani in mediaeval and later periods: a first contribution 371 Yanis Saitas 41 Liars, eccentrics and visionaries: early travellers to Sparta and the birth of Laconian archaeology 387 Ian Macgregor Morris 42 H poreiva th~ evreuna~ mevsa apov to evrgo twn Ellhvnwn arcaiolovgwn 397 Anastasia Panagiotopoulou Select indices 411 D. Graham J. Shipley Plates List of abbreviations AA Archäologischer Anzeiger HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology AAA Athens Annals of Archaeology IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Arcaiologikav Anavlekta ex Aqhnwvn) JAS Journal of Archaeological Science AJA American Journal of Archaeology JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen AJAH American Journal of Ancient History Archäologischen Instituts AK Antike Kunst JFA Journal of Field Archaeology AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology Abteilung Lak. Spoud. Lakwnikaiv Spoudaiv AR Journal of Hellenic Studies, LIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae Archaeological Reports classicae ArchDelt Chr Arcaiologikovn Deltivon Cronikav Mus. Helv. Museum Helveticum ArchDelt Mel Arcaiologikovn Deltivon Melevtai OGIS Orientis Graecae inscriptiones selectae Arch. Eph Arcaiologikhv Efhmeriv~ OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique PA E Praktikav th~ en Aqhvnai~ BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Arcaiologikhv~ Etaireiva~ Studies, London PMG Page, Poetae Melici Graeci BSA Annual of the British School at Athens PZ Prähistorische Zeitschrift BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift RA Revue archéologique CEG P. A. Hansen, Carmina Epigraphica RE G. Wissowa et al., Pauly’s Real- Graeca. Berlin Encyclopädie der klassischen CMS Corpus der minoischen und Altertumswissenschaft. Munich. mykenischen Siegel REA Revue des études anciennes CQ Classical Quarterly RE Byz. Revue des études byzantines CR Classical Review REG Revue des études grecques CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Rh. M. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie DELG P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire RM Mitteilungen des Deutschen étymologique de la langue grecque. Archäologischen Instituts, römische Paris Abteilung Ergon To vErgon th~ en Aqhvnai~ SEG Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum Arcaiologikhv~ Etaireiva~ SIMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology FD Fouilles de Delphes TAM Tituli Asiae Minoris FGH Jacoby, Fragmente der Griechischen TAPA Transactions of the American Historiker Philological Association GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies HCT A. W. Gomme, A. Andrews and K. J. Dover, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides. Oxford. cm centimetre max maximum Diam. Diameter min. minimum est. estimated mm millimetre Ht. height O.T. Oikodomikov Tetravgwno (city block) L. length Th. Thickness m metre W. width 17 Ancient quarries in Laconia1 G. Kokkorou-Alevras, A. Chatziconstantinou, A. Efstathopoulos, E. Zavvou, N. Themos, K. Kopanias and E. Poupaki In the context of a research programme funded by the sculpture of Sparta. While searching for this quarry Special Research Account of the University of Athens, we visited the site of Gleistra, on the outskirts of the which aims to assemble a corpus of ancient quarries, modern village, where there is a low outcrop of the ancient quarries of Laconia have been studied in limestone with traces of quarrying still visible; collaboration with archaeologists of the 5th Ephorate specifically, we observed well-carved blocks of similar of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. In this paper size (3.0 m × 0.8 m and 3.35 m × 0.9 m), separated by we will briefly mention the preliminary results for the deep channels, 18–25 cm wide, cut round them. The quarries whose study is under progress and we will adjacent stream, Polydeuki-Skoura, has eroded that part focus on the presentation of the quarries of ancient of the outcrop that was not exploited. Asopos, which are of particular interest and the research on which has been completed. (See FIG. 17.1 for VIGLAFIA locations of the quarries.) Of great interest and importance are the quarries of GYNAIKA, PLATYVOUNI (SOCHAS) Viglafia, mentioned in the Laconia Survey, though