Norwegian Ministry White paper of Climate and Environment Meld. St. 20 (2019 – 2020) Report to the Storting (white paper) Norway’s integrated ocean management plans Barents Sea–Lofoten area; the Norwegian Sea; and the North Sea and Skagerrak Kai Fjell: By the frozen sea (gouache) Kai Fjell (1907–1989) is considered one of Norway’s foremost artists, and one of the most popular. He trained at the National College of Art and Design and the National Academy of Fine Arts, and made his breakthrough with a solo exhibition at Kunstnernes Hus in Oslo in 1937. His oeuvre is extensive and varied, including drawings, gouaches and prints in addition to a large number of paintings. He also worked as a scenographer and had a number of commissions for public buildings. Some of his best-known public works were for government buildings, Bakkehaugen church in Oslo and Oslo’s former airport Fornebu. There are works by Kai Fjell in the National Museum in Oslo and in many other museums, galleries and private collections both in Norway and abroad. In 1976, Kai Fjell was made Commander of the Order of St. Olav for his distinguished services. 1 Meld. St. 20 (2019–2020) Report to the Storting (white paper) Norway’s integrated ocean management plans Barents Sea–Lofoten area; the Norwegian Sea; and the North Sea and Skagerrak Translation from Norwegian. For information only. 2 Table of Contents 1 Summary ........................................ 7 3.4.2 Efforts to combat marine litter – status and further work ................. 57 2 Introduction – integrated, 3.5 Status report: progress towards ecosystem-based management.. 13 the goals of the ocean 2.1 Norway’s system of integrated management plans ......................... 58 ocean management plans .............. 14 3.6 Knowledge building and 2.2 The Government’s ocean policy ... 16 knowledge needs ........................... 62 2.3 White paper on all Norway’s 3.6.1 The ocean environment and integrated ocean management climate change ............................... 62 plans ................................................. 16 3.6.2 Marine ecosystems ........................ 62 2.4 Norway’s goals for integrated 3.6.3 Mapping the seabed ...................... 64 ocean management ........................ 18 3.6.4 Marine litter and microplastics .... 64 3.6.5 Environmental monitoring ........... 64 3 Environmental status and trends in Norwegian waters ...... 22 4Changing oceans.......................... 66 3.1 Environmental status in the 4.1 Changing world oceans – drivers Barents Sea–Lofoten of change and impacts ................... 67 management plan area ................... 23 4.2 Climate change mitigation 3.1.1 Oceanic climate change in the measures will also have impacts management plan area ................... 24 on the oceans ................................. 72 3.1.2 Trends in various components 4.3 Implications for ocean governance 74 of the Barents Sea-Lofoten ecosystem ....................................... 27 5 The ocean-based industries...... 76 3.1.3 Pollution .......................................... 31 5.1 Food production from the oceans 77 3.1.4 Particularly valuable and 5.1.1 Current status and expected vulnerable areas in the developments in economic Barents Sea–Lofoten area ............. 32 activity ............................................. 77 3.2 Environmental status in the 5.1.2 Potential growth in food Norwegian Sea management plan production from the oceans – area .................................................. 38 new opportunities .......................... 79 3.2.1 Oceanic climate change in the 5.1.3 Value added and employment ...... 82 management plan area ................... 38 5.1.4 Current status and expected 3.2.2 Trends for various components developments for environmental of the Norwegian Sea ecosystem .. 39 pressures and impacts ................... 84 3.2.3 Pollution .......................................... 45 5.2 Maritime transport ........................ 86 3.2.4 Valuable species and habitats 5.2.1 Current status and expected in the deep sea ................................ 46 developments for economic 3.2.5 Particularly valuable and activity ............................................. 86 vulnerable areas in the 5.2.2 Value added and employment ...... 89 Norwegian Sea ................................ 48 5.2.3 Current status and expected 3.3 Environmental status in the developments for environmental North Sea and Skagerrak .............. 50 pressures and impacts ................... 90 3.3.1 Climate change in the 5.3 Petroleum activities ....................... 91 management plan area ................... 51 5.3.1 Current status and forecasts of 3.3.2 Trends for various components economic activity ........................... 91 of the North Sea–Skagerrak 5.3.2 Value added and employment ...... 96 ecosystem ....................................... 51 5.3.3 Current status and expected 3.3.3 Pollution .......................................... 54 developments for environmental 3.3.4 Particularly valuable and pressures and impacts ................... 98 vulnerable areas ............................. 54 5.4 Tourism and leisure activities ...... 102 3.4 Marine litter and microplastics ..... 55 5.5 Emerging ocean industries ........... 105 3.4.1 Marine litter – status and sources .. 55 5.5.1 Offshore renewable energy .......... 105 5.5.2 Marine bioprospecting .................. 108 9.1.2 Green transformation in the 5.5.3 Mineral extraction .......................... 109 ocean industries ............................. 144 5.5.4 Offshore carbon capture and 9.1.3 Strengthening the oceans’ geological storage .......................... 109 capacity for carbon uptake ............ 145 5.5.5 Hydrogen production ..................... 110 9.2 Sustainable use, overall framework for activities and 6 Acute pollution: risk and the spatial management ....................... 145 preparedness and response 9.2.1 Sustainable, safe food production system ............................................. 111 from the oceans ............................. 145 6.1 Environmental vulnerability .......... 111 9.2.2 Offshore aquaculture ..................... 146 6.2 Shipping .......................................... 113 9.2.3 Safe, environmentally friendly 6.3 Petroleum activities ........................ 115 maritime transport ......................... 146 6.4 Activities involving nuclear and 9.2.4 Framework for petroleum radioactive material ........................ 119 activities in the management 6.5 Preparedness and response plan areas ........................................ 146 to acute pollution: reducing the 9.2.5 Offshore wind power ..................... 151 consequences of accidents ............ 119 9.2.6 Extraction of minerals from the seabed ............................................. 153 7 Coordinated spatial 9.2.7 Sustainable tourism and leisure management and coexistence activities .......................................... 153 between ocean-based 9.2.8 Offshore military shooting and industries ....................................... 125 exercise areas ................................ 153 7.1 Norway’s ocean management 9.2.9 Coordinated spatial management and its implications for regional and coexistence between growth and development ............... 127 ocean-based industries .................. 153 7.2 Designating marine space for 9.3 Measures to ensure good different uses – main features environmental status and of decision-making processes ....... 128 conservation of marine 7.3 Coordinated marine spatial ecosystems ..................................... 154 planning in other countries ........... 136 9.3.1 Particularly valuable and vulnerable areas ............................. 154 8 International cooperation 9.3.2 Marine protected areas and other on ocean governance................... 137 effective area-based conservation 8.1 Institutions and arenas for measures ........................................ 154 international cooperation on 9.3.3 Safeguarding species and habitat ocean governance ........................... 137 types ................................................ 154 8.2 International initiatives 9.3.4 Improving the situation for to promote integrated ocean seabird populations ....................... 155 management ................................... 139 9.3.5 Preventing the spread of alien 8.3 UN Decade of Ocean Science species ............................................ 155 for Sustainable Development ........ 142 9.3.6 Reducing pollution by hazardous 8.4 UN Decade of Action on Nutrition substances ...................................... 155 (2016–2025) .................................... 143 9.3.7 Combating marine litter and 8.5 Further development of microplastics .................................. 156 international ocean governance .... 143 9.3.8 Underwater noise .......................... 156 9.3.9 Strengthening preparedness and 9Overall framework and response to acute pollution ........... 157 measures for conservation 9.4 Strengthening the knowledge and sustainable use of base – mapping, research and ecosystems in the monitoring ...................................... 157 management plan areas ............. 144 9.4.1 Marine ecosystems ........................ 157 9.1 Oceans and climate change .......... 144 9.4.2 Mapping marine habitat types 9.1.1 Adapting to climate change and and the seabed – the MAREANO a warmer ocean .............................. 144 programme ..................................... 158 9.5 International ocean cooperation ... 158 9.6