Yorkshire Archaeological Research Framework: resource assessment A report prepared for the Yorkshire Archaeological Research Framework Forum and for English Heritage – project number 2936 RFRA S. Roskams and M. Whyman (Department of Archaeology, University of York) 2005 ABSTRACT This report represents the outcome of research undertaken into the archaeological resources of Yorkshire, using data gathered by SMRs, museums and commercial contractors. It describes the background to the project and its objectives, and the methods used to draw evidence from these diverse sources into a single database. It then proceeds to describe patterning in the data thus collected and collated, first at a general level across the region, then on a chronological basis from the Palaeolithic to Early Modern periods. In each period, the implications of this patterning for archaeological understanding of Yorkshire are drawn out. Acknowledgements: TBA ii CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND (MCW UNLESS STATED) p. 1 1.1 Regional Research Agendas (SPR) 1.2 Definition of Study Area 1.3 Topography and Geology of Yorkshire 1.4 Historical Overview of Archaeological Research in Yorkshire CHAPTER 2: PROJECT OBJECTIVES (SPR UNLESS STATE) p. 10 2.1 Regional Studies beyond Yorkshire: areas, approaches and outputs 2.2 Aims and Implementation of the Yorkshire Project 2.3 Data Sources 2.4 Background Datasets (MCW) CHAPTER 3: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY (MCW) p. 17 3.1 Work Programme 3.2 Data Definition: encounters, periods and functional categories 3.3 Data Gathering: SMRs, museums and contracting units 3.4 Data Processing 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation CHAPTER 4: GENERAL DATA PATTERNING (MCW) p. 32 4.1 The general patterning of data 4.2 Intensity of fieldwork 4.3 The impact of modern settlement patterns and communications 4.4 The effects of modern land-use 4.5 The influence of topography and geology 4.6 The implications of data storage: functional and chronological categories and levels of precision CHAPTER 5: DETAILED RESULTS BY PERIOD (MCW/SPR) p. 47 5.1 The Palaeolithic Period 5.2 The Mesolithic Period 5.3 The Neolithic Period 5.4 The Bronze Age 5.5 The Iron Age 5.6 The Romano-British Period 5.7 The Early Medieval Period iii CHAPTER 6: THE HIGH MEDIEVAL PERIOD (SPR) p. 77 6.1 Data distribution in the landscape 6.2 Individual town studies 6.3 Additional urban data 6.4 Conclusions CHAPTER 7: THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD – INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY (SPR) p. 100 7.1 Background within Yorkshire 7.2 Developing a strategy 7.3 Defining Industrial Archaeology and its relationship with Economic History 7.4 Developing theoretical perspectives 7.5 Developing methods and practice BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 118 Appendix 1: Initial Project Proposal (SPR) p. 126 Appendix 2: Report on Phase 1 of the Project (SPR) p. 135 Appendix 3.1: Med. Towns Assessment: Doncaster (R. Finlayson) p. 162 Appendix 3.2: Med. Towns Assessment: Leeds (R. Finlayson) p. 174 Appendix 3.3: Med. Towns Assessment: Pontefract (R. Finlayson) p. 186 Appendix 3.4: Med. Towns Assessment: Ripon (R. Finlayson) p. 198 Appendix 3.5: Med. Towns Assessment: Scarborough (R. Finlayson) p. 210 Appendix 3.6: Med. Towns Assessment: York (R. Finlayson) p. 225 Appendix 4: Med. Towns Assessment: West Yorkshire (A. McClain) p. 252 Appendix 5: Industrial Archaeology of W. Yorkshire (H. Gomersall) p. 258 iv List of Figures Figure 1: PER1 – PALAEOLITHIC_ONLY Figure 2: PER1 – PALAEOLITHIC_ALL Figure 3: PER2 – MESOLITHIC_ONLY Figure 4: PER2 – MESOLITHIC_ALL Figure 5: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ONLY Figure 6: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ALL Figure 7: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ONLY_PRODUCTION Figure 8: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ALL_PRODUCTION Figure 9: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ONLY_HABITATION Figure 10: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ALL_HABITATION Figure 11: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ONLY_LAND_ENCL Figure 12: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ALL_LAND_ENCL Figure 13: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ONLY_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 14: PER3 – NEOLITHIC_ALL_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 15: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ONLY Figure 16: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ALL Figure 17: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ONLY_PRODUCTION Figure 18: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ALL_PRODUCTION Figure 19: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ONLY_HABITATION Figure 20: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ALL_HABITATION Figure 21: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ONLY_LAND_ENCL Figure 22: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ALL_LAND_ENCL Figure 23: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ONLY_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 24: PER4 – BRONZE AGE_ALL_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 25: PER5 – IRON AGE_ONLY Figure 26: PER5 – IRON AGE_ALL Figure 27: PER5 – IRON AGE_ONLY_PRODUCTION Figure 28: PER5 – IRON AGE_ALL_PRODUCTION Figure 29: PER5 – IRON AGE_ONLY_HABITATION Figure 30: PER5 – IRON AGE_ALL_HABITATION Figure 31: PER5 – IRON AGE_ONLY_LAND_ENCL Figure 32: PER5 – IRON AGE_ALL_LAND_ENCL Figure 33: PER5 – IRON AGE_ONLY_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 34: PER5 – IRON AGE_ALL_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 35: PER6 – ROMAN_ONLY Figure 36: PER6 – ROMAN_ALL Figure 37: PER6 – ROMAN_ONLY_PRODUCTION Figure 38: PER6 – ROMAN_ALL_PRODUCTION Figure 39: PER6 – ROMAN_ONLY_HABITATION Figure 40: PER6 – ROMAN_ALL_HABITATION Figure 41: PER6 – ROMAN_ONLY_LAND_ENCL Figure 42: PER6 – ROMAN_ALL_LAND_ENCL v Figure 43: PER6 – ROMAN_ONLY_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 44: PER6 – ROMAN_ALL_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 45: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ONLY Figure 46: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ALL Figure 47: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ONLY_PRODUCTION Figure 48: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ALL_PRODUCTION Figure 49: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ONLY_HABITATION Figure 50: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ALL_HABITATION Figure 51: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ONLY_LAND_ENCL Figure 52: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ALL_LAND_ENCL Figure 53: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ONLY_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 54: PER7 – EARLY_MEDIEVAL_ALL_SACRAL_FUNERARY Figure 55: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY Figure 56: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ALL Figure 57: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_LANDSCAPE Figure 58: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_ AGRARIAN_PROD Figure 59: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_NON- AGRARIAN_PROD Figure 60: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_PROD Figure 61: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_STORAGE_EXCHANGE Figure 62: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_WATER Figure 63: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_HABITATION Figure 64: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_ELITE Figure 65: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_MILITARY Figure 66: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_SOCIAL Figure 67: PER8 – MEDIEVAL_ONLY_SACRAL vi CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND This opening chapter presents the background to our project, dedicated to generating a Yorkshire Archaeological Research Framework (henceforth YARF). The opening section outlines the context within which regional research agendas have been generated (1.1). We then consider the definition of the study area for our project (1.2) and describe in brief the topography and geology of our region (1.3). The final section presents a short historical overview of the development of archaeological research within Yorkshire (1.4). 1.1 Regional Research Agendas The last decade has seen significant changes in the archaeological profession. A series of dichotomies have become evident, some entirely new to the discipline, others embedded in its operation in earlier years but now more visible. Thus, in the first category, we have seen the divorce of curatorial and fieldwork practice since the issuing of PPG16 in 1992. In the interstices thus created, archaeological consultants have taken on the role of advising commercial clients. In addition, the development of competitive tendering for commercial work has set organisation against organisation in the rush to obtain contracts with developers. Equally the archaeological discipline has suffered from the increasing divorce of rescue and research – the gathering of data set apart from its analysis and interpretation. This distancing, although in existence since the creation of the fieldwork profession in the 1970s, has become a gulf of late. Beneath these changes there has been a change of principle: the prioritisation of site protection over investigation. Under the influence of European legislation and its ‘polluter pays’ principle, material remains are now portrayed as a problem for which commercial development must find a solution. Hence the archaeological heritage has become something to define and quantify in order that modern impacts can be avoided, or at least minimised by means of mitigation strategies. As a result, the next generation of archaeologists – mostly individuals who entered universities keen to uncover the secrets of the past – now graduate into a professional world in which any encounter with those material remains is to be avoided at all costs (literally, in the case of commercial contracts). And yet there remains a contradiction at the heart of the present operation of our discipline. The impulse to cater for archaeology in the development process is based on common agreement as to its social value. Guidance such as PPG16 was issued due to a widely-held belief that material remains are significant simply because they elucidate past societies, and so deserve to be taken into account when modern changes are planned. Of course, the nature of that significance varies between people: the value of the past which we study does not inhere, timelessly, in the remains themselves, but is defined in relation to the goals and interests of various groups. Yet the past as a whole remains important to present-day society, and the populace supports archaeology on that basis. 1 How are the values placed on that past to be defined? Most recent discussions of this issue still follow, fundamentally, the lead of Lipe (1984) who distinguished between the symbolic, aesthetic, economic and information values of archaeology. However, what is not sufficiently acknowledged is the way in which the last category underpins the