Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 360 European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment (EMSSESE 2019) Constructing the Official Patriotic Myth in Multiethnic and Multilingual society: The Case of Habsburg Monarchy, 1805-1832 German Ragozin* Roman Boldyrev World History department World History department Northern (Arctic) Federal University Northern (Arctic) Federal University Arkhangelsk, Russia Arkhangelsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-8695-4096 ORCID: 0000-0003-4262-7285 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. The paper deals with the issues of Central and Eastern Europe and Balkans appear to be a constructing a supranational identity in the Austrian special case for study: from the late medieval period they Empire. Originally being a reaction to revolutionary became a subject to processes of emergence, expansion, ideas transferred from France throughout Europe, and disintegration of major political entities including conservative ideology appeared to influence the political several numerous communities. Existence of these empires development of Austria until the downfall of Habsburg ended after World War I with the establishment of states monarchy in 1918. The early Austrian conservatism based on the ethnocratic principle, which faces a problem referred to a significant patriotic myth, based on the of ethnic minorities remaining on the top of the agenda for loyalty towards the ruling dynasty and their empire, politicians and researchers. represented as the “family of peoples”. The What generally remains underexplored is the issues of philosophical, political and historical works published by supranational identities in political units based on the Friedrich von Gentz, Adam von Müller Nitterdorf and consolidation of various ethnic communities via political Joseph von Hormayr turned into a base for “Dynastic and historical myths. The ethnic identity in such political patriotism” with supranational patterns aimed to entity enters into tensions with the emergence of political integrate all the involved peoples into members of the nation, forming and proclaiming its sovereignty for a Empire. The myth included the specially constructed relatively homogeneous community. Supranational identity historical narrative, political and social philosophy, and construction referred to various methods: political practice, the theological support. The myth became a ground for representation of ruling dynasty and monarch, presenting conservative political course of Clemens von Metternich and disseminating the certain ideology and beyond. Issues and Francis I and made an impact on the further of forming a state patriotic myth, which played a development of the national problem in the Empire, the significant role in political mobilization and supporting the Austrian political culture, the German politics of ruling regime require a detailed study, which can be based Vienna, and the further development of the Austro- on numerous approaches. Prussian dualism in Germany. The Habsburg monarchy case during the first third of Keywords – Austrian Empire, Austrian supranationalism, Early Austrian conservatism, Friedrich von Gentz, Adam von the XIX century brings special attention towards itself due Müller Nitterdorf, Joseph von Hormayr1. to different reasons. During this period emergence of German and non-German national movements, and so the ideologies of liberalism and conservatism took place in I. INTRODUCTION Central and Eastern Europe. The Austrian conservatism Multicultural and multilingual states and empires of the had been evolving since 1805 from emerging political modern era remain to be a subject to study in research movement to de-facto leading ideology of the Empire, works. Formation of national identities in conditions of having a tight cohesion with the Imperial patriotism undefined ethnic boundaries and multilateral interaction in (Reichspatriotismus). Since 1809 the official patriotic myth various spheres of social life is one of the core problems based on works of early conservative intellectuals had been for scholars involved in studying the cultural, political, working on preserving the Habsburg Empire as a single social, intellectual history, history of daily life, and entity with a secondary role in Europe during the beyond. Researchers come to a conclusion, that the Napoleonic dominance until 1813-1815. Afterwards, it emergence of national identity in these conditions has its became a dominating ideology, defining the development own features, which appear especially vivid within vector of the Austrian Empire in numerous aspects until contacts of several ethnic and cultural communities being 1832, and an important part of Austrian political culture, on the same stage of identity development. keeping its role also after the downfall of Habsburg monarchy in 1918. *1 German Ragozin ([email protected]) is The intellectual heritage of early Austrian conservative a corresponding author. theorists concerning the establishment of imperial Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 188 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 360 supranational patriotism is a subject to study within the the Austrian national identity discourse. The main paper. A special emphasis is set on the means of discussion here is to define the historian either as a state constructing the imperial patriotic myth aimed to patriotism advocate, or a liberal due to change of his views consolidate a society consisting of several heterogeneous after persecution in 1813-1814 [9]. ethnic communities: historical narrative, political Historiography of Adam Müller‟s views deals with his constitution concepts, philosophical grounds of the image as a presenter of the theological grounds of Vormärz implemented politics, objects of art, and beyond. political regime, religious concept of social constitution The chosen period from 1805 to 1832 starts from the and an advocate of the estate society. His heritage is often Preßburg peace treaty when conservative group and revisited in contemporary Germany and Austria in the activities emerged in Vienna appeared, and ends with the context of romanticism, which is connected with death of Friedrich von Gentz and new activation of discussion on the following development of society and German national movement against the repressive policy political institutions in Europe and Germany [21]. of Austrian chancellor Clemens von Metternich. The aim of the paper is to give a complex assessment to interaction between intellectual grounds and practice of II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND imperial patriotic myth in the Habsburg empire between The issues of imperial patriotism, early Austrian 1805 and 1832, based on the concepts of “Agglutinative conservatism, and the establishment of Austrian empire”. The conservative ideology presented in the period supranational patriotism have been a subject to study in integrated into imperial myth and supported its positions various approaches. One of the main concepts determining until 1832when the new growth of national movements in the research is “Agglutinative Empire” presented by Central and Eastern Europe provoked a major crisis, which J.F. Patrouch [14] based on the fact, that establishment of turned into Revolutions in 1848-1849 [8; 13; 14]. the Habsburg monarchy was an outcome of constant The role of early Austrian conservative thought in territorial growth touching upon heterogeneous lands. forming the Austrian identity, historical myth and political Later T. Baycroft, M. Hewiston and M. Cornwall defined culture can be a subject to further study. Their heritage left the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) empire as a group of a complex impact on development of the Habsburg Empire nations co-existing in conditions of cultural and historical in the XIX century, Austrian Republic during the interwar conflict in the area of mixed ethnic settlement [1, pp. 171- period and after 1945 when the country has been separated 192]. According to M. Cornwall, the attempt to construct a from Germany. supranational empire with state patriotism failed due to the growing ethnicization of Germany, Hungary and Czech lands, led to antagonism between Germans and non- III. METHOD Germanic peoples, growing throughout the XIX century. The analysis plan includes an interpretation of the following sources: The second main concept implemented in the research is the representation of power, including the compound of (1) Political philosophy works by Friderich von methods and objects used to construct a certain image with Gentz2: Österreichisches Manifest vom Jahre 1809 (The political, social, ideological and other purposes [3; 4; 7; 10; Austrian Manifesto from the year 1809); Österreichisches 11]. It referred to historical myth, loyalty towards the Manifest vom Jahre 1813 (The Austrian Manifesto from ruling dynasty and constructing its image on legitimacy the year 1813); Über politische Freiheit und das patterns, architectural image of the capital city, state Verhältnis derselben zur Regierung (On political freedom symbols, philosophical grounds of the political system, and its attitude towards the Government); Über die theological grounds and ecclesial policy. A. Lindmayr- Moralität in den Staatsrevolutionen (On Moral within Brandl published one of the main contemporary studies State Revolutions), An