Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 COGNITION AND EMOTION This fully updated edition of the highly praised Cognition and Emotion provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary research and traditional philosophical perspectives on both normal emotional experience and emotional disorders. Uniquely, this book integrates two areas which are often treated separately: the main theories of normal emotions and theories of emotional disorders (e.g. depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and phobias). It draws these strands together with a theoretical framework which can be applied to both normal and disordered emotions. The authors also provide a comprehensive review of the literature on cognition and emotion, including coverage of the historical background and philosophy of emotion, and research on the five basic emotions of fear, anger, sadness, disgust and happiness. Cognition and Emotion provides a novel approach with a range of implications for clinical practice. It will be essential reading for undergraduate and postgraduate courses on emotion. Mick Power is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the National University of Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 Singapore. In the past he has worked at universities and hospitals in London, Edinburgh, Norway, Italy, China and New Zealand. He has worked for the Medical Research Council and for many years has been a Research Advisor with the World Health Organization. Tim Dalgleish is a Senior Research Scientist and practising clinical psychologist at the Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge. His main research interests include psychological reactions to trauma and cognition– emotion relations in the emotional disorders. This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 COGNITION AND EMOTION From order to disorder Third edition Mick Power and Tim Dalgleish Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 Third edition published 2016 by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA and by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Mick Power and Tim Dalgleish The right of Mick Power and Tim Dalgleish to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Psychology Press 1997 Second edition published by Psychology Press 2007 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Power, Michael J. Cognition and emotion : from order to disorder / Mick Power and Tim Dalgleish. — 3rd edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Emotions and cognition. 2. Cognitive psychology. 3. Psychotherapy. I. Dalgleish, Tim. II. Title. BF531.P68 2015 152.4—dc23 2015002740 ISBN: 978-1-84872-267-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-84872-268-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-70874-4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo and Stone Sans by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 To Robyn To Jack and Finn Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 CONTENTS Preface to the third edition xi 1 Introduction1 Preliminary observations 1 Emotion 6 The cognitive approach in psychology 8 Summary of the aims of the book 10 PART 1 Philosophy and theory 15 2 The cognitive philosophy of emotion 17 Introduction 17 Some initial questions for the emotion theorist 18 Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 Early theories of emotion – the Greek philosophers 20 The Platonic model of emotion 21 The development of the feeling theory of emotions – the work of René Descartes 23 The psychologising of feeling theory – the work of William James 29 The behaviourist theory of emotions 32 The development of the cognitive account of emotions – the work of Aristotle, Aquinas and Spinoza 36 Twentieth-century cognitive accounts of emotion 45 Summary and conclusions 50 viii Contents 3 Cognitive theories of emotion 60 Introduction 60 Categorical versus dimensional approaches to emotion 62 A formulation of the basic emotion debate in terms of the philosophy of emotion 65 The arguments for basic emotions 67 Towards a core set of basic emotions 74 Network theories 77 Other network theories 84 Appraisal theories 86 Cognitive appraisal theories 93 Summary 102 4 Cognitive theories of emotional disorder 106 Introduction 106 Seligman’s learned helplessness theory 107 Beck’s cognitive therapy 112 Williams, Watts, Macleod and Mathews (1988, 1997) 118 Teasdale and Barnard (1993) 120 Social-cognitive theories 125 Miscellaneous theories of emotional disorders 127 Summary 130 5 Towards an integrated cognitive theory of emotion: the SPAARS approach 134 Overview 134 The picture so far 134 A summary of the important points from Chapters 2 to 4 140 The format of mental representations 140 Emotion generation via schematic models 145 Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 Mind content revisited 145 Emotion generation 146 The generation of emotions via the associative level of representation: some preliminary remarks 149 The conditions under which associative generation of emotion occurs in SPAARS 154 Generation of emotions via the associative level within SPAARS: a summary 155 Additional constraints and processes within SPAARS 155 Schematic models revisited 156 Contents ix Inhibition 157 The coupling of emotions 163 A note on complex emotions 163 Summary of the SPAARS model 164 Affective neuroscience 165 Conclusions 168 PART 2 Basic emotions and their disorders 169 6 Fear 171 Introduction 171 Normal fear and anxiety 172 Components of the emotion of fear 175 Disordered fear and anxiety 177 Phobias and obsessions 180 Conclusions 224 7 Sadness 225 Introduction 225 Sadness: some theoretical considerations 229 Combinations of sadness and other basic emotions 232 Other effective disorders 263 Further comments and conclusions 264 8 Anger 266 Introduction 266 The moral nature of anger 267 The events, agents, interpretations and appraisals involved in anger 268 Other factors that contribute to the experience of anger 272 Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 Too much anger versus too little 275 Theories of anger 279 The relationship of anger to other emotions 291 Anger disorder 296 Some concluding remarks 301 9 Disgust 302 Introduction 302 Some theoretical comments 306 Complex emotions derived from disgust 311 x Contents Disorders of disgust 314 Depression, parasuicide and suicide 323 Miscellaneous disgust-related disorders 326 Summary and conclusions 328 10 Happiness 330 Introduction 330 Joy and other circumscribed positive emotions 332 Happiness as a non-circumscribed emotional state 333 Traditional approaches to the study of happiness 334 Towards a theoretical account of happiness 339 The repressive coping style 348 Emotional states related to happiness 353 Happiness order and happiness disorder 358 Personality disorders 361 Concluding remarks 364 11 Overview and conclusions 365 Introduction 365 Summary of the SPAARS model 367 Inhibition and facilitation 376 Rationality, irrationality and the function of emotions 377 Meta-emotional skills and representations 379 Disbelief, dissociation and modularisation 380 Two routes revisited: fast versus slow change processes in therapy 383 Roles, goals and plans 385 Final comments on SPAARS 387 References 388 Author index 441 Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 Subject index 456 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION In the 18 years since we published the first edition of this book, the area of emotion in general and affective neuroscience in particular has expanded rapidly and deservedly. However, there is always a risk that an area does move on, and that ones treasured views and theories have to be abandoned or substantially altered because of progress in relevant fields. It was with some trepidation therefore that we approached the writing of the third edition: would the basic emotions approach around which we had built our SPAARS framework for emotion need to be revised? Would more recent developments in multi-level modelling of emotion require substantial changes to the processes outlined for SPAARS? Would the findings from cognitive neuroscience or anthropology or clinical interventions lead us to go back to the drawing board? As we went through the more recent literature, it became clear that some of the debates that we had assumed were done-and- dusted had in fact been refreshed from new work both in philosophy and in neuroscience, and that Plato and the modern “feeling theorists” were making a strong comeback. In our embracing of the basic emotions approach, we had also underplayed the importance of dimensional aspects of emotions, when in fact we Downloaded by [New York University] at 13:13 12 August 2016 believe that, like wave and particle physics, both approaches are necessary to describe the emotion system fully. However, we still firmly believe that a focus on basic emotions offers new insights and understandings into the emotional disorders. Therefore we have retained the structure of the first edition in which the second part of the book examines the five basic emotions of fear, sadness, anger, disgust, and happiness and their related disorders on a chapter-by-chapter basis.