GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE reportstatus University of Pittsburgh Institute of Politics Infrastructure Policy Committee by Maureen Washburn March 2015 Because of its ability to help alleviate some of the issues related to LETTER FROM THE our region’s water management issues, green infrastructure has INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY become a high priority for policy makers, elected officials, and other organizations committed to providing safe, clean, COMMITTEE COCHAIRS and reliable water to residents of Southwestern Pennsylvania. DEAR COLLEAGUES: In the summer of 2014, the Institute of Politics Infrastructure Policy Committee determined it was necessary to do a report Southwestern Pennsylvania is endowed with an abundance on the status of green infrastructure initiatives in the region. of some of the freshest and cleanest water in the country. The committee was interested in examining the benefits of However, while this abundance allows our region to reliably green infrastructure, especially related to water management, fulfill all of our water needs, it also places a greater burden as well as the economic, social, and environmental benefits on us to responsibly handle this resource. derived from green infrastructure installation. Additionally, the committee wanted to further understand the challenges Since the passage of the 1972 Clean Water Act, our region and barriers associated with green infrastructure expansion and many across the country have made tremendous progress in the region, primarily related to design, maintenance, cost, in protecting precious water resources, making them the and requirements of installation. safest and cleanest possible. However, in light of frequent wet weather events, aging sewer infrastructure, and changes After months of background research on green infrastructure in our region’s land use development, Southwestern designs and interviews with a variety of stakeholders working Pennsylvania still has a long way to go in order to meet on green infrastructure-related initiatives in the region, the full environmental compliance. committee reached consensus on a variety of recommendations for the region moving forward. The recommendations revolve As many in the region are aware, in 2008, due to the severity around increased research and planning around green infra- of our region’s sewer overflow problem, the United States structure initiatives, as well as further engaging the public in dia- Environmental Protection Agency, the Pennsylvania Department logue and educational activities related to green infrastructure. of Environmental Protection, and the Allegheny County Health Department placed the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority We hope you find this document to be educational and beneficial. (ALCOSAN) under a consent decree. The decree required As always, we welcome your comments and feedback. Our hope ALCOSAN to develop and implement a plan for eliminating is that this report will contribute to further constructive discussions sanitary sewer overflow and reducing the frequency of related to policy around green infrastructure initiatives in this combined sewer overflow in order to comply with the region now and into the future. Clean Water Act. In 2013, ALCOSAN released its Wet Weather Plan, addressing the concerns put forward by the consent decree. The recom- mendations found within the plan include expansion of its current facility, installation of a retention basin, storage tunnels, Paul Costa Bernard R. Lindstrom and a number of new conveyance lines. Overall, the plan is Member, Commander, thought to be the largest and most expensive infrastructure Pennsylvania House Pittsburgh District related project that the region has ever seen, estimated to of Representatives U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cost upwards of $2 billion. Meanwhile, green infrastructure initiatives have gained popularity across the nation as regions increasingly face these types of complicated problems related to providing clean, reliable water for drinking and recreational activities. Green infrastructure is seen as a sustainable approach to water management that can mitigate many of the impacts that wet weather events cause. These types of infrastructure initiatives can help to divert excess stormwater from entering streams, rivers, or the sewer system. 2 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS REPORT UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH INSTITUTE OF POLITICS INFRASTRUCTURE POLICY COMMITTEE Stan Caldwell Paul Messineo Executive Director, Traffic21 Institute Business Development Manager Carnegie Mellon University Allen & Shariff Engineering H. Daniel Cessna William Peduto District Executive Mayor Pennsylvania Department of Transportation District 11 City of Pittsburgh *Paul Costa John Schombert Member Executive Director Pennsylvania House of Representatives 3 Rivers Wet Weather, Inc. Michael P. Crall William Shuster Vice President Member HDR Engineering, Inc. U.S. House of Representatives Shaun Fenlon Richard A. Stafford Vice President, Conservation Programs Distinguished Service Professor of Public Policy Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Carnegie Mellon University James R. Hassinger Ron Steffey Executive Director Executive Director Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission Allegheny Valley Land Trust Brian J. Hill Donald C. White Senior Program Officer Member Richard King Mellon Foundation Pennsylvania Senate Patricia L. Kirkpatrick Former Commissioner Armstrong County * Cochair *Bernard R. Lindstrom Commander, Pittsburgh District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Robert J. Macey Member Allegheny County Council GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS REPORT 3 Southwestern Pennsylvania pursue green infrastructure in 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY two distinct phases: first, research and planning, and second, The passage of the 1972 Clean Water Act transformed engagement and expansion. American rivers and streams from industrial dumping grounds into waterways suitable for drinking, navigation, and recreation. STEPS FORWARD: RESEARCH AND PLAN Despite years of progress, however, the work of protecting and maintaining Southwestern Pennsylvania’s most vulnerable 1) Convene a regional green infrastructure planning group. waterways is far from complete. Frequent rainfall and outdated 2) Test green infrastructure effectiveness by instituting sewer infrastructure produce a set of hazardous conditions that standardized monitoring and reporting for all new green degrade waterways and threaten human health. As a result, infrastructure projects. many communities throughout the region fall short of environ- 3) Develop a region-specific protocol for green infrastructure mental compliance. As regulators converge on Southwestern design and installation that culminates in project certification. Pennsylvania, residents and regional leaders are seeking a sustainable, cost-effective solution to their wet weather crisis. STEPS FORWARD: ENGAGE AND EXPAND Traditionally, gray infrastructure—the system of underground 1) Generate public support for green infrastructure through a pipes and tanks that conveys wastewater to sewage treatment media campaign. facilities—was considered the only reliable means of preventing polluted stormwater from entering rivers and streams. Recently, 2) Harness growing interest in stormwater fees by enacting a however, a reliable and natural alternative has emerged. Green watershed-based utility program that directs resources toward infrastructure, an approach that aims to replicate natural strategic, sustainable, and cost-effective projects. hydrologic processes by managing stormwater where it falls, 3) Develop incentives for private installation of green infra- could offer an alternative to the reliance upon costly, large-scale structure through municipal code updates and stormwater gray infrastructure expansion. Beyond its water management credits programs. function, green infrastructure offers a number of community 4) Provide incentives for municipal source reduction by instituting benefits, including its ability to improve neighborhood aesthetics, flow targets. increase property values, provide cleaner air, moderate temp- eratures, reduce crime, and generate community engagement. Local champions of green infrastructure hail from academia, 2. WATER ABUNDANCE IN SOUTH- philanthropy, government, and the community—and their numbers are growing. These regional leaders and their vision WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA: for Southwestern Pennsylvania have hastened the development A RESOURCE AND A BURDEN of green infrastructure throughout the region, producing a number of innovative projects strategically located in areas of “ We are fortunate to have wonderful environmental resources: high need. Despite their efforts, however, green infrastructure a dependable supply of clean, fresh water and beautiful green remains concentrated in small pockets of the region. Realizing spaces. To assure that development is sustainable, it is critical that the full benefits of green infrastructure requires community we understand the resources we have, what should be protected, buy-in and a strategic watershed-based approach to planning what can be developed, and what should be changed.” and installation. Before green infrastructure can be considered – Rose Reilly, Pittsburgh District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers a feasible and reliable alternative to gray infrastructure, green experts must precisely quantify its costs and benefits and The Southwestern Pennsylvania region spans hundreds of streams, formalize approaches to design and installation that are region rivers, and lakes. The region’s position at the headwaters