Language versus speech SPPA 2220 • language • the systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs, Child Speech Sound or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression • an arbitrary system of signs or symbols used Disorders according to prescribed rules to convey meaning within a linguistic community [Kent] • speech http://academic.mu.edu/sppa/slong/sppa2220.htm • the oral medium of transmission for language • a system that relates meaning with sound [Kent] Transcription terminology Use of diacritics • phonetic symbol sæntə • use them only when needed • diacritic (mark) s̭ænṱə • use them only to mark what is different • phonemic (broad) transcription from expectations • phonetic (narrow) transcription • use them only to mark inconsistencies in production front back Sounds and sound contrasts highi u • phone upsilon • the smallest perceptible segment of speech sound small cap i ɪ ʊ • phoneme caret ʌəschwa • the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system mid, central of a language e o • allophone hooked 3 ɝ ɚ hooked schwa • one of the sound variants within a phoneme class, epsilon open o often used in a specified phonetic context ɛ ɔ ash script a low æ ɑ 1 i ə schwa u Phonemic diphthongs ɪ small cap i ʌ caretʊ upsilon • ɑ̅ɪ̅ • ɔ̅ɪ̅ • ɑ̅ʊ̅ e ɚ hooked o schwa Allophonic diphthongs ɛ epsilon ɝ hooked 3ɔ open o • o̅ʊ̅ • e̅ɪ æ ash ɑ script a Coarticulatory effects on manner vowel production stops nasals fricatives affricates glides liquids bilabial p b m w labiodental f v • nasalization theta thorn interdental θ ð man [mæ̃n] alveolar t d ɾ n s z l mad [mæd] palatal flap ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ j r velar k g ŋ esh ezh yod • reduction glottal ʔ h medicine [ˈmɛdəsɪn] glottal stop medicinal [məˈdɪsənəl] place Distinctive features Terms to identify like sounds phonemes • homorganic: sounds with identical place of articulation +vocalic -vocalic • [t] and [d] (alveolar) • homotypic: sounds with identical manner of articulation • [f] and [s] (fricative) +anterior -anterior • cognates: sounds with identical place and manner but different voicing • [k] and [g] (velar stops) +continuant -continuant 2 Syllables Word shapes • each syllable must contain a vowel • VC (vowel initial) • C(C)(C)VC(C)(C) nucleus • CV (open syllable with (closed syllable with initial singleton) initial cluster, final • with vowel reduction , syllabic • CVC (closed syllable cltluster, or bth)both) with singletons) consonants may occur (especially with • 2 syllable liquids and nasals) • CC(C)V (open syllable with initial cluster) • 3+ syllable • VCC(C) (vowel initial with final cluster) metrical concepts metrical patterns • weak vowels ə ɪ ɚ • S cup, mouth, snake, hit • strong vowels • Ss bathtub, yellow, airplane i ɪ e ɛ æ u ʊ o ɔ ɑ ʌɝ • metrical strength • Sw wagon, table , ladder thitrochaic S strong primary stress • Sws telephone, Santa Claus s strong secondary stress • Swsw television, caterpillar w weak • trochaic bias in English • wS again, below, today • wSw pajamas iambic 3 populations of childhood speech disorders • residual errors • speech delay • do not reflect phonological deficits • phonological deficits affect speech and • do not affect intelligibility literacy • are not greatly stigmatized • phonological deficits associated with other • are viewed as low priority for funded cognitive-linguistic deficits service • reduced intelligibility • short-term (75%) and long-term normalization 3 • special populations • speech-hearing mechanism • cognitive-linguistic processes • psychosocial processes 4.