COMMUNICATIONS CACM.ACM.ORG OF THEACM 10/2015 VOL.58 NO.10 Discovering Genes Involved in Disease and the Mystery of Missing Heritability Crash Consistency Concerns Rise about AI Seeking Anonymity in an Internet Panopticon What Can Be Done about Gender Diversity in Computing? A Lot! Association for Computing Machinery Previous A.M. Turing Award Recipients 1966 A.J. Perlis 1967 Maurice Wilkes 1968 R.W. Hamming 1969 Marvin Minsky 1970 J.H. Wilkinson 1971 John McCarthy 1972 E.W. Dijkstra 1973 Charles Bachman 1974 Donald Knuth 1975 Allen Newell 1975 Herbert Simon 1976 Michael Rabin 1976 Dana Scott 1977 John Backus ACM A.M. TURING AWARD 1978 Robert Floyd 1979 Kenneth Iverson 1980 C.A.R Hoare NOMINATIONS SOLICITED 1981 Edgar Codd 1982 Stephen Cook Nominations are invited for the 2015 ACM A.M. Turing Award. 1983 Ken Thompson 1983 Dennis Ritchie This is ACM’s oldest and most prestigious award and is presented 1984 Niklaus Wirth annually for major contributions of lasting importance to computing. 1985 Richard Karp 1986 John Hopcroft Although the long-term influences of the nominee’s work are taken 1986 Robert Tarjan into consideration, there should be a particular outstanding and 1987 John Cocke 1988 Ivan Sutherland trendsetting technical achievement that constitutes the principal 1989 William Kahan claim to the award. The recipient presents an address at an ACM event 1990 Fernando Corbató 1991 Robin Milner that will be published in an ACM journal. The award is accompanied 1992 Butler Lampson by a prize of $1,000,000. Financial support for the award is provided 1993 Juris Hartmanis 1993 Richard Stearns by Google Inc. 1994 Edward Feigenbaum 1994 Raj Reddy Nomination information and the online submission form 1995 Manuel Blum 1996 Amir Pnueli are available on: 1997 Douglas Engelbart http://amturing.acm.org/call_for_nominations.cfm 1998 James Gray 1999 Frederick Brooks 2000 Andrew Yao Additional information on the Turing Laureates 2001 Ole-Johan Dahl is available on: 2001 Kristen Nygaard http://amturing.acm.org/byyear.cfm 2002 Leonard Adleman 2002 Ronald Rivest 2002 Adi Shamir The deadline for nominations/endorsements is 2003 Alan Kay November 30, 2015. 2004 Vinton Cerf 2004 Robert Kahn 2005 Peter Naur For additional information on ACM’s award program 2006 Frances E. Allen please visit: www.acm.org/awards/ 2007 Edmund Clarke 2007 E. Allen Emerson 2007 Joseph Sifakis 2008 Barbara Liskov 2009 Charles P. Thacker 2010 Leslie G. Valiant 2011 Judea Pearl 2012 Shafi Goldwasser 2012 Silvio Micali 2013 Leslie Lamport 2014 Michael Stonebraker COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM Departments News Viewpoints 5 Editor’s Letter 24 Inside Risks What Can Be Done about Gender Keys Under Doormats Diversity in Computing? A Lot! Mandating insecurity by requiring By Moshe Y. Vardi government access to all data and communications. 7 Cerf’s Up By Peter G. Neumann et al. The Third Heidelberg Laureate Forum 27 Technology Strategy and Management By Vinton G. Cerf In Defense of IBM The ability to adjust to various 10 Letters to the Editor technical and business disruptions Ban ‘Naked’ Braces! has been essential to IBM’s success during the past century. 12 BLOG@CACM By Michael A. Cusumano The Morality of Online War; 15 the Fates of Data Analytics, HPC 29 Kode Vicious John Arquilla considers justifications 15 Scientists Update Views of Light Storming the Cubicle for warfare in the cyber realm, Experiment sheds new light Acquisitive redux. while Daniel Reed looks ahead at on wave-particle duality. By George V. Neville-Neil big data and exascale computing. By Gary Anthes 32 The Business of Software 33 Calendar 18 Automotive Systems Get Smarter Thinking Thoughts Automotive infotainment systems On brains and bytes. 98 Careers are driving changes to automobiles, By Phillip G. Armour and to driver behavior. By Samuel Greengard 35 Historical Reflections Last Byte Computing Is History 21 Cyber Policies on the Rise Reflections on the past 104 Future Tense A growing number of companies are to inform the future. Processional taking out cybersecurity insurance By Thomas J. Misa Information processing gives policies to protect themselves from spiritual meaning to life, for those the costs of data breaches. 38 Viewpoint who make it their life’s work. By Keith Kirkpatrick Rise of Concerns about AI: By William Sims Bainbridge Reflections and Directions Research, leadership, and communication about AI futures. By Thomas G. Dietterich and Eric J. Horvitz Watch the authors discuss their work in this exclusive Communications video. http://cacm.acm.org/ videos/rise-of-concerns- about-ai-reflections-and- directions 41 Viewpoint Life After MOOCs Online science education needs a new revolution. Association for Computing Machinery Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession By Phillip Compeau and Pavel A. Pevzner CARBONE/EPFL FABRIZIO BY IMAGE 2 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | OCTOBER 2015 | VOL. 58 | NO. 10 10/2015 VOL. 58 NO. 10 Practice Contributed Articles Review Articles 46 70 80 46 Crash Consistency 58 Seeking Anonymity 80 Discovering Genes Involved Rethinking the fundamental in an Internet Panopticon in Disease and the Mystery of abstractions of the file system. The Dissent system aims for a Missing Heritability By T.S. Pillai, V. Chidambaram, quantifiably secure, collective The challenge of missing heritability R. Alagappan, S. Al-Kiswany, approach to anonymous offers great contribution options for A.C. Arpaci-Dusseau, communication online. computer scientists. and R.H. Arpaci-Dusseau By Joan Feigenbaum and Bryan Ford By Eleazar Eskin Watch the author discuss 52 Dismantling the Barriers to Entry 70 Framing Sustainability as his work in this exclusive We have to choose to build a Web a Property of Software Quality Communications video. http://cacm.acm.org/ that is accessible to everyone. This framework addresses videos/discovering-genes- By Rich Harris the environmental dimension involved-in-disease- and-the-mystery-of- of software performance, as missing-heritability Articles’ development led by applied here by a paper mill queue.acm.org and a car-sharing service. Research Highlights By Patricia Lago, Sedef Akinli Koçak, Ivica Crnkovic, and 90 Technical Perspective Birgit Penzenstadler Not Just a Matrix Laboratory Anymore By Cleve Moler 91 Computing Numerically with Functions Instead of Numbers By Lloyd N. Trefethen About the Cover: Discovering the variants involved in human disease calls on computing scientists to lead the exploration of huge datasets. Eleazar Eskin examines the mystery of missing heritability (p. 80) Cover illustration by Charles Wiese; IMAGES BY CWA STUDIOS; CIENPIES DESIGN; CHARLES WIESE CHARLES DESIGN; CIENPIES STUDIOS; CWA BY IMAGES www.charleswiese.com. OCTOBER 2015 | VOL. 58 | NO. 10 | COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 3 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM Trusted insights for computing’s leading professionals. Communications of the ACM is the leading monthly print and online magazine for the computing and information technology fields. Communications is recognized as the most trusted and knowledgeable source of industry information for today’s computing professional. Communications brings its readership in-depth coverage of emerging areas of computer science, new trends in information technology, and practical applications. 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