School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism Working Paper Series UTS: BUSINESS Working Paper No. 9 The Elusive Leisure Society by A. J. Veal th 4 Edition, September 2009 (Publication history: E1 Feb. 2009; E2 April 2009; E3 June 2009) ISSN: 1836-9979 Series Editor: Simon Darcy, School Research Director School of Leisure & Tourism Studies, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 222, Lindfield, NSW 2070 http://datasearch.uts.edu.au/business/publications/lst/index.cfm Citation for this paper: Veal, A. J. (2009) The Elusive Leisure Society, 4th Edition. School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism Working Paper 9, Sydney: University of Technology, Sydney, available at: http:// datasearch.uts.edu.au/business/publications/lst/index.cfm and at www.leisuresource.net. Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Recalling the 'leisure society' thesis. ............................................................................... 3 3. Origins. .............................................................................................................................. 8 1890: Alfred Marshall, UK: Principles of Economics........................................................ 9 1899: Thorstein Veblen, USA: The Theory of the Leisure Class..................................... 10 4. The leisure society concept in the 1920s and '30s. ....................................................... 12 Introduction: the problem of leisure. ................................................................................ 12 The New Leisure............................................................................................................... 12 1922: Alfred H. Lloyd, USA: Ages of Leisure. ................................................................ 14 1922: Lewis Mumford, USA: Utopia/Technics and Civilization..................................... 15 1923: Bertrand Russell, UK: In Praise of Idleness. .......................................................... 17 1926: George Cutten, USA: The Threat of Leisure.......................................................... 17 1928: Herbert May and Dorothy Petgen, USA: Leisure and Its Use. ............................... 18 1931: John Maynard Keynes, UK: Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren.......... 19 1932: C. C. Furnas, USA: The Two-hour Working Day.................................................. 20 1932: Jay B. Nash, USA: Spectatoritis............................................................................. 21 1933: Spencer Miller, USA: Labor and the Challenge of the New Leisure. .................... 21 1934: George A. Lundberg et al., USA: Leisure: a Suburban Study. ............................... 22 1934: Arthur Newton Pack, USA: The Challenge of Leisure. ......................................... 22 1935: C. E. M. Joad, UK: Diogenes – or the Future of Leisure . .................................... 23 1938: Henry Durant, UK: The Problem of Leisure . ........................................................ 23 1939: Roger Payne, USA: Why Work? The Coming 'Age of Leisure and Plenty' .......... 24 5. The leisure society concept in the 1950s, '60s and '70s................................................ 25 Passing references............................................................................................................. 25 1945/1955: Georges Friedmann, France: The Anatomy of Work. ................................... 26 1950: David Riesman, USA: The Lonely Crowd. ............................................................ 29 1954/64: Jacques Ellul, France: The Technological Society. ........................................... 30 1955: George Soule, USA: Time for Living..................................................................... 31 1955: Herbert Marcuse, USA: Eros and Civilization. ...................................................... 32 1956/1991: Erich Fromm, USA: The Sane Society.......................................................... 33 1958: Russell Lynes, USA: Time on our Hands............................................................... 34 1958: Harvey Swados, USA: Less Work – Less Leisure.................................................. 35 1958: David Dempsey, USA: Myth of the New Leisure Class......................................... 35 1959: Reuel Denney, USA: The Leisure Society.............................................................. 35 1960: Clark Kerr et al., USA: Industrialism and Industrial Man ..................................... 36 1960: Harold Wilensky, USA: Work, Careers and Social Integration. ............................ 36 1960: Max Kaplan, USA: Leisure in America. ................................................................ 37 A. J. Veal: The Elusive Leisure SocietyE4, UTS, 2009 ii 1962: Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC), USA. ................ 38 1962: Joffre Dumazedier, France: Toward a Society of Leisure. ..................................... 39 1962: Sebastian De Grazia, USA: Of Time, Work and Leisure. ...................................... 41 1964: Denis Gabor, UK: Inventing the Future.................................................................. 41 1964: Robert Lee, USA: Religion and Leisure in America. ............................................. 42 1965: Michael Dower, UK: The Fourth Wave. ................................................................ 43 1967: Herman Kahn and Anthony Wiener, USA: The Year 2000. .................................. 43 1967: John Kenneth Galbraith, USA: The New Industrial State...................................... 46 1970: Gilbert Burck, USA: Less Leisure than you Think................................................. 47 1970: Kenneth Roberts, UK: Leisure. .............................................................................. 48 1970: Staffan Linder, Sweden/USA: The Harried Leisure Class. .................................... 49 1970: Alvin Toffler, USA: Future Shock. ........................................................................ 50 1971: Stanley Parker, UK: The Future of Work and Leisure. .......................................... 51 1971: Frederick L. Bates, USA: Social Trends in a Leisure Society................................ 51 1972: H. Douglas Sessoms, USA: Recreation.................................................................. 51 1972: Gordon Dahl, USA: Work/Play/Worship in a Leisure-Orientated Society. ........... 52 1973: House of Lords, UK: Sport and Leisure. ................................................................ 53 1973: Daniel Bell, USA: The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. ................................... 53 1975: Thomas Kando, USA: Toward a leisure society?................................................... 54 1978: Jonathan Gershuny, UK: After Industrial Society? The Self-service Economy..... 55 6. The leisure society concept in the 1980s, '90s and 2000s................................................ 57 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 57 Passing references............................................................................................................. 57 1979-86: Clive Jenkins and Barrie Sherman, UK: The Collapse of Work....................... 58 1979-89: Various authors, UK: Replacing the Work Ethic.............................................. 59 1980: Roger Vickerman, UK: The New Leisure Society. ................................................ 60 1980: André Gorz, France: Farewell to the Working Class.............................................. 61 1981: Ecology Party, UK: Working for a Future.............................................................. 62 1982: John R. Kelly, USA: Leisure and the Future. ......................................................... 62 1982: Barry Jones, Australia: Sleepers Wake!. ................................................................ 63 1983: Otto Newman, UK: The Coming of a Leisure Society?. ........................................ 64 1983: Phillip Ruthven, Australia: Future Economic and Social Environment................. 65 1983: Tom Stonier, UK: The Wealth of Information. ...................................................... 66 1984: Charles Handy, UK: The Future of Work............................................................... 66 1984: Jonathan Porritt, UK: Seeing Green. ...................................................................... 67 1985: James Robertson, UK: Future Work....................................................................... 67 1985: Michael Rose, UK: Re-working the Work Ethic.................................................... 68 1985: Joel Novek, USA: Is the Automated Paradise Possible?........................................ 69 1987: A. J. Veal, UK: Leisure and the Future. ................................................................. 69 1988: Jeremy Seabrook, UK: The Leisure Society........................................................... 69 1994: Stanley Aronowitz and William DiFazio, USA: The Jobless Future. .................... 71 1995: Jeremy Rifkin, USA: The End of Work. ................................................................ 71 1999/2000: Ulrick Beck, Germany: The Brave New World of Work.............................. 73 2005: John Tribe, UK: Trends in work and leisure: a leisure society?............................. 73 2008: Edginton and Chen, USA: Leisure as Transformation. .........................................