HOW MUSIC FANS SHAPE COMMERCIAL MUSIC SERVICES: A CASE STUDY OF BTS AND ARMY Jin Ha Lee Anh Thu Nguyen University of Washington University of Washington [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT for film and recorded music” [12, p.28]. Understanding what motivates and influences fans’ behavior is important Much of the existing research on user aspects in the music since they are often avid users of systems and services de- information retrieval field tends to focus on general user signed to provide access to media. Their digital touch- needs or behavior related to music information seeking, points subsequently shape the design of these systems and music listening and sharing, or other use of commercial services. While much of the current research involving music services. However, we have a limited understanding user elements investigates user interactions with MIR sys- of the personal and social contexts of music fans who en- tems and services, such as their usage of music and thusiastically support musicians and are often avid users of playlists [6], [10], [13], fewer works explore users more commercial music services. In this study, we aim to better holistically or the characteristics of unique user groups. understand the contextual complexities surrounding music This work aims to fill this gap by 1) investigating the con- fans through a case study of the group BTS and its fan textual factors that influence users’ engagement with mu- community, ARMY. In particular, we are interested in dis- sic services, and 2) attending more closely to music fans covering factors that influence the interactions of music as an important subset of users. We conducted an empirical fans with music services, especially in the current environ- study of music fans to reveal the underlying motivations ment where the prevalence of social media and other and reasons explaining why we see certain user behavior tools/technologies influences musical enjoyment. Through in commercial music services. The particular case we ex- virtual ethnography and content analysis, we identified amined was a fandom called ARMY, consisting of sup- four factors that affect music fans’ interactions with com- porters of the music group BTS and considered to be one mercial music services: 1) perception of music genres, 2) of the largest pop music fandoms today [14]. BTS ARMY participatory fandom, 3) desire for agency and transpar- is an excellent case to study not only due to the sheer size ency, and 4) importance of non-musical factors. The dis- of the fandom, but also because of its diversity and impact. cussion of each aspect is followed by design implications ARMY is known to be an extremely dedicated fan base for commercial music services to consider. that actively participates in numerous initiatives to support BTS and relevant causes globally [15], [16]. 1. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we aim to answer the following research Understanding users’ motivations, needs, and behavior re- questions: What does the case of BTS and ARMY tell us lated to music is fundamental in designing commercial about the current landscape of music fans, specifically re- music services that will be well-received by users. Since lated to how they interact with commercial music services? the early 2000s, a steady stream of user studies has been Subsequently, what are the implications for designing and conducted in the field of music information retrieval providing commercial music services for these fans? (MIR) [1]. These studies have investigated a variety of user aspects, such as their information needs and searching 2. RELATED WORK behavior [2], perception of music genres and moods [3], [4], and social music behavior [5], [6]. Some of these stud- 2.1 Music Fans and Participatory Culture ies have focused on improving our understanding of MIR Over the past two decades, user studies in MIR have shown issues related to specific populations, such as youth [7], that the way users interact with music has significantly music creators [8], members of certain cultures [9], or changed. During this time, a majority of users moved from people who use streaming, cloud, or recommender ser- sharing actual music files and listening to personal collec- vices [6], [10], [11]. tions to using streaming or subscription-based models and One user group that has not been studied much in past sharing YouTube links and music metadata [10]. Addition- MIR user studies are music fans. The term “fan,” as an ab- ally, social media has become an important venue for peo- breviation for “fanatic,” first appeared in a religious con- ple to share and discuss music [11]. These cultural and text in late 17th-century England, and became significant technological shifts have changed the ways people con- in the United States as it started to be used to describe pas- sume, create, and share music [17], and have altered the sionate sports enthusiasts and later “dedicated audiences role of music users from passive listeners to more active participants, indicative of a larger trend in media use [18], © Jin Ha Lee, Anh Thu Nguyen. Licensed under a Creative [19]. Recent MIR user studies point out that users are not Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Attribu- merely consumers of music but also shapers of music ser- tion: Jin Ha Lee, Anh Thu Nguyen. “How Music Fans Shape Commercial Music Services: A Case Study of BTS and ARMY”, 21st International vices. For instance, Lee and Price [20] observe that music Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference, Montréal, Canada, users are getting increasingly savvy about the tools and 2020. technologies available to them—rather than using only a BTS is a South Korean band with seven male musicians, single platform, music users very intentionally choose par- managed by their entertainment agency, Big Hit, since ticular platforms that work well for specific purposes [10]. June 2013. The abbreviation stands for “Bangtan Sonyeon- Contextual factors, sometimes unrelated to music itself, dan” or “Bulletproof Boy Scouts,” which depicts the chal- were also found to influence people’s interaction with mu- lenges that the younger generations face in modern social sic services, such as their decisions about whether to listen life [31]. A large part of BTS’s success is its high engage- to music recommendations [21]. These factors, of course, ment with fans on social media where band members share included reasons such as convenience or being in the mood visual stories of their lives, aesthetic preferences, and com- to listen to recommendations, but interestingly, they also mentary on their work. Tweets, Instagram posts, and other related to personal values. For instance, researchers social media updates also enable fans from all over the learned that some participants actively “refused” to listen world to connect with the band members [15]. to certain songs based on how well their personal values Additionally, BTS engages with global campaigns to aligned with those of the artist or their perception of the digitally connect with youth culture around the world. In artist’s ethical stance [21]. These findings imply the com- November 2017, BTS launched a two-year anti-violence plexity of users’ engagement with music services: they are campaign called “Love Myself” in partnership with often motivated by contextual factors going beyond pref- UNICEF that raised over $2,000,000 (USD) [32]. In 2018, erence for music based on musical attributes. In addition, the band delivered a speech at the United Nations General many users have embraced participatory culture and con- Assembly in New York to launch the “Generation Unlim- tribute user-generated content related to music on social ited,” a global partnership of UNICEF [32]. media, especially streaming venues like YouTube [22]. BTS’s popularity has reached a global scale thanks to Music fans are at the center of this technological and the unity of its fandom, ARMY, which has bonded through cultural landscape and often drive trends taken up by other the band members’ story of growth, authenticity, and de- music users. Jenkins [18] discusses how in “convergence termination to pursue musical careers. The influence of culture,” fans play a central role in how culture operates, ARMY is massive in its own right [16], [33]. When the demonstrating the influence of an active audience in con- band’s scheduled tour was cancelled in Korea due to temporary popular culture. While fandom suffered from COVID-19, ARMY followed the lead of one BTS mem- stigma in earlier media studies, participatory culture has ber, Suga, by donating their refunds to disaster relief or- now become central in understanding fans and fan-based ganization Hope Bridge—amounting to over $300,000 in online communities in popular culture [18]. Users actively just a few days [34]. In another instance, after ARMY engage in online communities, produce creative works, learned that BTS and Big Hit Entertainment donated and develop new knowledge [23], especially in the context $1,000,000 to support Black Lives Matter, they organized of games [24], [25] and YouTube [26], [27]. Researchers a campaign to match the donation and raised another mil- also started investigating the participatory nature of user lion dollars in a little over 24 hours [35]. The campaign is involvement related to music in certain contexts. For in- still ongoing on the One In An Army website (https:// stance, Waldron [28] discusses how user-generated con- www.oneinanarmy.org/), along with many other cam- tent in YouTube is used for music learning and teaching in paigns for social good across the globe. These are just a online participatory communities. Schneider [22] uses few of numerous examples illustrating the power and im- qualitative media analysis to examine audience engage- pact the fandom has. ment with music videos on YouTube.