Weed ID and Management for the Common definitions used for weeds Home Grounds •Weed: plant out of place •Noxious weed FEDERAL: •Public Law 106-224 “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment.” Mark J. Renz & Brendon Panke •Invasive plant FEDERAL: Executive Order 13112 [email protected]; [email protected] (Clinton in 1999): an alien species whose introduction does or is University of Wisconsin-Madison likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Agronomy Dept. NR40 Wisconsin’s new invasive Common definitions used for weeds species rule Noxious weed STATE: (1975) Prohibited species •All landowners are to contain and prevent the spread of listed – are not yet in the state or only exist as small populations noxious weeds. Municipalities and counties may list species as – have the potential to cause significant damage if they spread noxious locally and do enforcement – It is illegal for people to transport, import, possess, transfer, •3 species listed as Noxious state-wide 1) Canada thistle 2) Leafy sell and introduce these species without a permit. spurge 3)Field Bindweed – Landowners will be expected to control prohibited species found on their property. •Nuisance weed STATE: (1987) Restricted species •No one may sell, purchase, cultivate, etc nuisance species2 – are invasive species that are already too widespread to expect species listed : Purple loosestrife and Multiflora rose statewide eradicated. – it is illegal for people to transport, import, transfer, sell and introduce these species, but people may possess plants. http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/classification/ Prohibited Species Common name Common name Restricted Species Australian swamp crop Oxygen-weed, African elodea Common name Common name Common name Brazilian waterweed Pale swallow-wort Autumn olive Flowering rush Narrow-leaf cattail Brittle waternymph Parrot feather Bells honeysuckle Garlic mustard Oriental bittersweet Chinese yam Perennial pepperweed Canada thistle Glossy buckthorn (CV) Phragmites, Common reed European frog-bit Porcelain berry Cattail hybrid Helleborine orchid Plumeless thistle Fanwort, Carolina Fanwort Princess tree Common buckthorn Hemp nettle, brittlestem Purple loosestrife Giant hogweed Sawtooth oak Common teasel hemp nettle Russian olive Giant knotweed Scotch broom Creeping bellflower Hound's tongue Spotted knapweed Hydrilla Sericea lespedeza Curly-leaf pondweed Japanese knotweed Tansy (CV) Japanese honeysuckle Spreading hedge parsley Cut-leaved teasel Leafy spurge Tartarian honeysuckle Japanese stilt grass Water chestnut Cypress spurge Morrow's honeysuckle Tree-of-heaven Kudzu Wineberry Dame's rocket Multiflora rose Wild parnsip Mile-a-minute vine Yellow floating heart Eurasian water milfoil Musk thistle Oxygen-weed Yellow star thistle 1 Prohibited/Restricted Species Why is identification of weeds so important? Common name Details • Management CAN BE improved if species is Amur honeysuckle Map Black swallow-wort Map known! Celandine Map European marsh thistle Map Hairy willow herb Map Hill mustard Map Japanese hedge-parsley Map Japanese hops Map Lyme grass or sand ryegrass Map Poison hemlock Map Tall or Reed manna grass Map Wild chervil Map Steps to ID Sedges and Step 1: Check Stems Grasses 1. Check if stems are 1. Triangular = sedge species triangular, round, or 2. Flattened = Yellow foxtail, Sandbur, Barnyardgrass flattened? 3. Rounded = Giant foxtail, Green foxtail, Witchgrass, Wild proso millet, Fall panicum, Woolly cupgrass, crabgrass spp. 2. Check for a and many more ligule/auricle 3. Check for hairs 4. Check for perennial organs Step 2: Ligule/auricle Step 3: Check for hairs 1. Ligule can be 1. Part of plant hairy: •Absent = Barnyardgrass • Sheath • Membranous = Shattercane, Large crabgrass, Smooth • Collar crabgrass, quackgrass • Leaf blade •Hairy: Yellow foxtail, Sandbur Giant foxtail, Green foxtail, Witchgrass, Wild proso millet, Fall panicum, 2. No hairs: Woolly cupgrass Ligule Types • Barnyardgrass, smooth brome, Tall fescue, reed 2. Auricle present canarygrass, bluegrass spp, + many more • = Quackgrass None hairy membranous 2 Plant 1 Step 4: Perennial? • First leaves 1. Look for rhizomes, bulbs, tuber, and relatively large perennial roots • stems rounded to flattened • Large, 2. Perennial weeds = membranous 1. Quackgrass ligule 2. Kentucky bluegrass • Leaf sheath 3. Reed Canarygrass and blades hairy 4. Tall Fescue Plant 2 Plant 2 • Clasping auricles • very short membranous ligule • Leaf sheaths hairy early What are these grasses? Survey of Extension Horticulturists Weed Reason for Concern • Plant 1 • Plant 2 Buckthorn Receive many questions. H Creeping charlie Receive many questions. •A Stems: rounded • Stems: rounded II Q Common purslane Receive many questions. •Ligule:R •Ligule:U Y A Field bindweed Receive many questions, No control membranous C membranousC information. R K Garlic mustard Receive many questions. • No auricleA • YES auricleG B R Canada thistle Receive many questions. G • Hairy: entire plant • Hairs: SheathA Receive many questions. R S Honeysuckle A and collar S Common dandelion Receive many questions. • Perennial: NOS S • Perennial: NO Chickweed Receive many questions. Japanese knotweed Receive many questions, No control information. 3 Common Buckthorn Common Buckthorn Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) The leaves of Glossy Buckthorn are a more vibrant green and are glossy or shiny compared to the dull leaves of Common Buckthorn. Glossy Buckthorn leaves also lack the small teeth found on Common Buckthorn. Glossy Buckthorn Glossy Glossy Buckthorn Glossy Know Your LOOK-ALIKES . Garlic mustard Creeping Charlie // Garlic Mustard (Allaria petiolata) Growth form differences Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) 4 Morrow honeysuckle Tartarian honeysuckle Bell’s honeysuckle Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) (Lonicera morrowii) (Lonicera tatarica) (Lonicera x bella) •Downy leaves. •Hybrid of these two species with mixed characteristics. Steve Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Jack Ranney, University of Tennessee, Bugwood.org •Smooth hairless leaves. Bugwood.org Lots of resources to Japanese hedge-parsley aid in identification • Opposite leaves. • Small, open umbel • Books flowers. • Field guides • Many look-alikes. • Websites • Ask an expert • Interactive tools – CDs, Websites New Weed ID TOOL http://weedid.wisc.edu Demonstration • 355 of the most • http://weedid.wisc.edu common weeds of Wisconsin entered • Allows for selection of known traits to reduce the potential weeds that fit this criteria 5 What do you do if you can’t identify Take a picture and email it to an this plant from the website? expert • Try to identify to family or genus then use other 1. Make sure pictures are in focus. resources (next slide) • Take a picture and email it to an expert 2. Take whole plant shots as well as close-ups. • Send a sample in for identification 3. Close-ups of the leaves, flowers, and stems if • Contact people for samples (Extension Agent should possible. have contact information) – Annual Crops Chris Boerboom (leaving in Dec.) – Horticultural Crops Jed Colquhoun – Perennial Crops/Natural Areas Mark Renz – Turf: John Stier/Paul Koch • They charge $20 for identification • http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/tdl/ Resources I Frequently Use Preparing/Collecting Plant Specimens • Books • Collect as many plant parts as possible ! – Weeds of the Northeast • 300 species, including woody species, with four or more colored pictures • short cut identification tables FRESH • a narrative (including a useful description of how to distinguish from 1. Place the plant specimen in a plastic bag along with a dry similar weeds) paper towel (don't add water) and seal. – Ontario Weeds • black and white line drawings of 315 species with 28 pages of color plates, 2. Please include date and location of collection and your contact each with six pictures information (email preferred). • a narrative (including a useful description of how to distinguish from similar weeds DRIED • Available on-line at: http://pubont.stores.gov.on.ca/pool/. 1. Flattened in folded newspaper or taped to paper and securely • Websites fastened between two cardboards and sent in a padded – UW-Herbarium http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora envelope or box. – Virginia Tech http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm 2. Plants placed in plastic bags and sent through the mail often – Missouri plants http://www.missouriplants.com/index.html mold. – Ontario weeds www.ontarioweeds.com Understand the Pest management steps biology of weeds! 1. Pest identification = WHAT IS IT? • How do they reproduce and spread? – Annuals 2. Population size = HOW MUCH? – Biennials – Creeping Perennials 3. Economics = IS IT COSTING ME ? – Simple Perennials 4. Available control tactics = WHAT CAN I DO? – Interactions – Environmental and legal constraints 6 Perennial weeds Types of management methods • Many types, important to know if • Mowing • Hand pulling – Creeping • Grazing • Herbicides • Ex Russian olive, Canada thistle • Cultivation • Flooding – Simple (root crown) • Disking • Biological control • Ex Multiflora rose, dandelions •Flaming • Solarization • Competition • Mulching Integrated Pest Management (IPM) What management methods do you Hand pulling/removal Benefits use for weeds/invasive plants? Costs •Time • Low cost Methods