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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75-3111 KECKLEY, Paul H., Or., 1949- A QUALITATIVE ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE IMAGE OF o r g a n i z e d r e l i g i o n in p r i m e t i m e t e l e v i s i o n DRAMA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Mass Comnunlcatlons Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn , Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1974 PAUL H. KECKLEY, Jr. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. A QUALITATIVE ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE IMAGE OF ORGANIZED RELIGION IN PRIME TIME TELEVISION DRAMA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul II. Keckley, Jr., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. James L. Golden l/ Dr. Keith Brooks ( \.l/77l£o -l / Adviser Dr. Donald Cegala Department of Communication ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Professor James L. Golden the author wishes to ex­ press deep gratitude for his willingness to give so freely of his time and expertise in the planning and completion of this project. To Professors Jack Douglas and Joseph M. Foley whose criticism and counsel guided the progress of this study. To Professors Keith Brooks and Donald Cegala for their encouragement and participation on the writer's examination committee. To my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Paul H. Keckley, Sr., who taught their sons desire to achieve, strength to continue, and humility in achievement. And to my wife, Andrea, whose quiet patience, timely encouragement, and steadfast confidence provided the impetus for this study. VITA September 12, 1949 . Born, Chattanooga, Tennessee 1970-1971 ........... Admissions Counselor, David Lipscomb College, Nashville, Tennessee 1971 . ........... B.A., David Lipscomb College, Nashville, Tennessee 1971-1973 ........... Minister, Northland Church of Christ, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1973 ........... Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973 . ........... M.A., Department of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973-1974 ........... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973-1974 ........... Communications Consulting, The Ohio Society of Consulting Planners, Columbus, Ohio; Zachry, Naill and Associates, Abilene, Texas; Metropolitan Area Church Board, Columbus, Ohio; et. al. VITA (continued) FIELDS OF STUDY Studies of Rhetorical Theory Professor James L. Golden Studies in Mass Communication Professor Joseph M. Foley Studies in Communication Theories Professor Jack Douglas Professor Wallace Fotheringham Studies in Journalism and Public Relations Professor Walter W. Seifert Studies in Sociology Professor Giacomo Sani Studies in Management Consulting Professor Keith Brooks PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS Speech Communication Association National Association of Educational Broadcasters National Religious Broadcasters Public Relations Students Society of America Broadcast Education Association Religious Speech Communication Association TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii VITA iii LIST OF TABLES vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Research Questions Television and Society Organized ,Religion and Society Plan CHAPTER TWO: RELATED STUDIES ......................... 38 Studies of Religion Descriptive Studies Empirical Studies Studies of Television Mediated Images CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ............................ 80 Rhetorical Criticism and Content Analysis Methodology: Qualitative Content Analysis Procedures CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ................... 109 Results Research Questions CHAPTER FIVE: SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPLICATIONS ........... 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 150 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page APPENDICES A CODER DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY ..................... 161 B SURVEY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTION ................... 165 C CODING SHEET .......................... • • *167 D CODER INSTRUCTIONS ............................ 168 E CODING D A T A ..................................... 173 F CODER RESPONSE TO QUESTION O N E .............. 178 G CODER RESPONSE TO QUESTION T W O .............. 181 H CODER RESPONSE TO QUESTION THREE ............182 I CODER RESPONSE TO QUESTION FOUR .............. 184 J INTERVIEW WITH DR. RUSSELL DYNES ............188 K 1973-74 PROGRAMS/PRODUCERS ................... 196 L 1973-74 PRODUCERS .............................. 198 vi LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE ONE: TELEVISION PROGRAM SAMPLE ..................... 103 TABLE TWO: CODING S C H E D U L E ............................. 116 TABLE THREE: CODING DATA ................................ 117 TABLE FOUR: CODING D A T A ............................... 123 vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Discussing the recent popularity of research in tele­ vision programming, Robert Bailey wrote: For decades, American broadcasting con­ tent has been a mother lode mined by sociol­ ogists, psychologists, political scientists, behavioral scientists, the Federal government, organized listener-viewer groups, and even broadcasting students for evaluation in books, research papers, theses, lectures, official documents and ordinary conversation. Broad­ cast programming provides a fruitful vein for researchers to work; it is on-going and ever- changing, sharpened by its simultaneous/ instantaneous characteristic, an omnipresent environmental element very possibly having something to do with quality of human life in our society.^ He went on to say: With 95% of American homes owning tele­ vision receivers, all having access to one or more national networks, television network programs have the theoretical potential of reaching nearly the entire population simul­ taneously. This massive distribution via the prime communications medium seems cogent mo­ tivation for descriptive studies designed to ascertain to what kinds of program content the populace is being expo s e d . ^ Research in mass communication has generated new and valuable insights into the process and effects of these 1 media. An avalanche of monographs has proposed reasons for television-crime motivated aggressive behavior on the part of children, for media induced political voting behavior, and a myriad of other topics. This writer, as a rhetorical critic and student of mass communication, is interested in the content of these television-mediated messages as genre for qualitative content analysis. Specifically, the image of organized religion as depicted in prime time television drama is the focus of this analysis. By way of explanation, the following definitions are used: 1. "the image" — Boulding defined the image as the individual's "subjective reality."^ The construct has en­ joyed a long tradition of academic interest dating from Aristotle's concept of "ethos" to present day analyses of credibility.^ For purposes of this study, the term "image" is used as the descriptive term for the construct of per­ ceived reality. A la Boulding and Clevenger, this percep­ tion is characterized as organized and structured and is the product of the flow of information through the perceiver's value system.^ Therefore, television messages may be under­ stood as information-loaded packages which are transmitted through the receiver’s value system and integrated into the viewer's image structure. 2. "organized religion" — These terms pertain to any church, sect, denomination, or cult. Nottingham's explana­ tion of the distinctions between these notions is useful. He describes a church as follows: A church stresses its universality within a given