The Journal of Newar Studies Swayambhv, Ifliihichaitya Number - 2 NS 1119 (TheJournal Of Newar Studies) NUmkL2 U19fi99&99 It has ken a great pleasure bringing out the second issue of EdltLlo the journal d Newar Studies lijiiiina'. We would like to thank Daya R Sha a Gauriehankar Marw&~r Ph.D all the members an bers for their encouraging comments and financial support. ivc csp~iilly:-l*-. urank Prof. Uma Shrestha, Western Prof.- Todd ttwria Oregon Univers~ty,who gave life to this journd while it was still in its embryonic stage. From the Nepal side, we must mention Prof. Tej Shta Sudip Sbakya Ratna Kanskar, Mr. Ram Shakya and Mr. Labha Ram Tuladhar who helped us in so many ways. Due to our wish to publish the first issue of the journal on the Sd Fl~ternatioaalNepal Rh&a levi occasion of New Nepal Samht Year day {Mhapujii), we mhed at the (INBSS) Pdand. Orcgon USA last minute and spent less time in careful editing. Our computer Nepfh %P Puch3h Amaica Orcgon Branch software caused us muble in converting the files fm various subrmttd formats into a unified format. We learn while we work. Constructive are welcome we try Daya R Shakya comments and will to incorporate - suggestions as much as we can. Atedew We have received an enormous st mount of comments, Uma Shrcdha P$.D.Gaurisbankar Manandhar PIID .-m -C-.. Lhwakar Mabajan, Jagadish B Mathema suggestions, appreciations and so forth, (pia IcleI to page 94) Puma Babndur Ranjht including some ~riousconcern abut whether or not this journal Rt&ld Rqmmtatieca should include languages other than English. We believe that thls Blood hanmkar journal should not be limited to monolingual readers. If any journal -- devalues native speakers' contribution it would become a piece of Smba Shdcya Buddha L. Shalrya beautiful art stored in a glass box. In order to create a fonnn Tor all what ever nationdity and Newar nazive scholars we should avoid a language Mer. A n oppmlnity for be given to one Dcvcndra Amatya W.D. writing articles will any who has a deep inte rest on Nc :war Studes whether hetshe is from native -W or non-nalive circleS. If we fc xus only on English language this journal Tula Maha jao %D. wiH be less important to a large number of natives, and if wecxdude English no foreign scholars would notice what is happening in the Tribhuvan Tuladhar.- Achynt Shreatha native circle. We would like to dacument each and every activity tfiat taka place among the Newm liv*ing ~UI dd as well as related studies. We hope that our motives will ~nderstmd. -%=f m*.- b.- n* Rof. Tej R Km&m To trtlk abut this SUE; WF CUG a IILUE: bit behind the schedule Shank R Shakyn. Labh R Tuladhar Karhmandu of hnging the journal out on Nepal Sambat New year day (Mha-puja. Jndhr We delayed the publication of this issue untiI various Newar related Yogbir Shakya. Kalimpong conferences were completed, so as to include their outcome in this Cansda issue. Juhae Sawal. Edmonton We would like to extend our thanks to all the contributors for this issue and to Pmf. Tdd Lewis, College of Holy Cross, for his Bimd Man Shrc*a- Mary Jo' Roukc reading aI1 d~e'English articles and for the adhtion of valuable comments and sugg~tions.Without his desire to read the article of Anil Man Shaky4 3runel Uaivasity this issue the joud would not be in your hands. Our appreciation is also due to those people who are Pmf. tis, Mita $Shrestha, Kay Bal Gopal Shrtslha Eden Norton, Tribhuvan Tuladhat, Rajesh Shrestha, Katheri ne M;thqan, Yogb~r Shakya, Manik Bajracharya, Siddhi S1 Mailing Add-: Ratna bakya Sudip Ncrith VlJRina Shakya and 3aurav Manandhar. All of them hell various ways No.90581 P.O. Box I& Ponland, Oregon 97290 USA induhng collecting materials, readtng papers. ' and typing the articles, designing and page malang, pnnting proofreading Covcr Chaitya Computer Graphic Drawing: Pmf Ter Ellingm the find version, and running from here to there rn success of this issue of the journal. We hope it wodd be helpful for you to know about Newars in general. Once again Nhu dun I119 yfi Bhintunii to all of you. ??R2*?J a*&*mh- With best wishes On the occasion of New Nepal Sambat Year 11 19 Jnte*r~atianalAlepat dRaaRa Seuaa Samiti 3.a 3m.90580 (Newiih Vijfiiina) The Joumal Of Newar Studies Number 2 Contents English Editorial ....................................................................................................... 00 The Newars: the Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modem State of Nepal ................................................ Bal Gopal Shrestha ...... 01 The Sociology of the Newar Language: ................................... Tej R . Kansakar .......... 17 Living with Newar Buddhists: Some personal Reflections .............. David N . Gellner ......... 28 A Celebration of Grieving. Carnival and Satire: Bhaktapur Newars' 'SZpiru' Festival ..................................... Gregory P . Grieve ....... 32 In Naming a Language ....................................................... Daya R . Shakya .......... 38 A Review on the First Issue of the 'Newih Vijiiina'. .................... Prem La1 Chitrakar....... 44 An Interview with Dhusvim Siyami ..................................... Editors .................... 47 Nepali ?mFza.................. ................................................................................... 50 sp%m7~~~~~.................................... T4WikFIm .............. 51 TqiweR*dm ............................................... ** .............. 53 *+=d*k-flFfim ....................................... f m .............. 54 wigd m ....................................................... ??%PE5 ywil........... 57 S*&* .............................................................. Qw ..................... 59 Nepal Bhasha WWTll % ...............................................? ............................................. '61 h *%%W& ...................................Wh@ ................ 62 mv: ~~) ........................................................... m................. 73 am gGiT?mFmi 3Fdiai ......................................................................... 74 Conference Paper Abstracts and Titles .................................................................... 79 Questions and Answers ..................................................................................... 85 Newar Study Resource Institutions ....................................................................... 89 Members and Subscribers' Directory ..................................................................... 91 Suggestions, Comments. Concerns and Appreciations ................................................. 94 Swayambhu as a mhiichaitya Dharmadh5tu M~dala. - Compuier Graphic Drawing by Prof. Ter Ellingson The Newars: the Indigenous Population of the Kathmandu Valley in the Modern State of Nepal Bal Gopal Shrestha CNAS, Tribhuvan University, Nepal CNWS, Leiden University, The Netherlands Introduction The Newars are the original inhabitants of the KhaM.This language at present is known as Kathmandu Valley, their population comprises Nepdi, which is the official language of Nepal. 1,041,090 which is 0.6 percent of the total population years horn the end of Rajendravikram's reign until the of Nepal, i.e.18.491.092.' Although the Newars are beginning of the renaissance period (1899-1940). Newar spread throughout the country and beyond its Literature was conspicuously absent, except for a few boundaries, in different pans of India, the majority of religious songs. The discontinuation of Newar literature them are still concentrated in the valley of Kathmandu, during that period still remains a mystery. W~ththe rise which is the capital of modem Nepal. Previously, only of the Rana oligarchy (1847-1951) the Shah Kings were the valley of Kathmandu was known by the name almost imprisoned by their prime ministers. At the 'Nepal'. and for many people the word 'Nepal' still beginning of this century. Rana prime minister Chandra continues to mean it. The Newars speak their own Shamsher (1900-1928) banned the NL in 1905 from the cthenic language that belongs to the Tibeto-Buman court of justice, the administration, land registration group, with rich ancient and modern literatures going and so His successors, such as luddha Shamsher back to the fourteenth centky. During the Malla reign, (1932-1945). went even further in restricting the NL from the 13th Century till its downfall in 1769, the writings.' Many Newar writers had to suffer jail Kings themselves did a @a! deal to pmmote New sentences and many others were exiled during thit literature, as well as other languages lie Maithili, period. From then onwards, Newar intellectuals starred Avadhi, Bhojpuri, and Bengdi. Sanskrit literary to establish Literary organizations to promote their tradition was cultivated in the Kathmandu valley for language. The language movement which did not have fiftan cennuies. The Malla courts supported all any feature of an ethnic inspiration at the beginning languages. classical and vernacular. without started to acquire an ethnic nature fnrm the late 1970s. discrimination. The extent of the literary tradition in In September 1995, the National Fomof the Newars other languages indicates the cosmopolitan nature of the (Neviih De Dabfi) was founded, with the aim of seeking Malla courts (Malla 1982: 7). The bulk of the rich to assen the ethnic rights of the Newars. tradition of Newar art and architecture, ritual and culture, dates back to this period. Historical background of Newar For some time this tradition continued