THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PROTECTION OF AUTHOR ’S COPYRIGHT This copy has been supplied by the Library of the University of Otago on the understanding that the following conditions will be observed: 1. To comply with s56 of the Copyright Act 1994 [NZ], this thesis copy must only be used for the purposes of research or private study. 2. The author's permission must be obtained before any material in the thesis is reproduced, unless such reproduction falls within the fair dealing guidelines of the Copyright Act 1994. Due acknowledgement must be made to the author in any citation. 3. No further copies may be made without the permission of the Librarian of the University of Otago. August 2010 ==00-== ITY :ANAN Declaration concerning thesis ,(').~ I .... ;:>('C'C Author's full name and year of birth: ~.h.l.k." ,A (for cataloguing purposes) Ti tJ e: \-A q 1",-\ ho\.A s..e:; 0 -~- \'..JQ)..A..J =t, QC. \ (Y-{i ' (;"\.. bv \: (j\n t-- '-\-o'-v \. S ~V) Or () <o...Jtv--i '+"j Degree: • 1 f' y') vy\c\ t:,: \--u Of- 'o~~v \..J ~ " Department: \(?V"Vl) \IV"' I agree that this thesis may be consulted for research and study purposes and that reasonable quotation may be made from it, provided that proper acknowledgement of its use is made. I consent to this thesis being copied in part or in whole for I) all brary ii) an individual at the discretion of the Librarian of the University of Otago. Signature: Note: This is the standard Library declaration form used by the University of Otago for all theses, The conditions set out on the form may only be altered in exceptional circumstances, Any restriction 011 access tu a thesis may be permitted only with the approval of i) the appropriate Assistant Vice-Chancellor in the case of a Master's thesis; ii) the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and International), in consultation with the appropriate Assistant Vice-Chancellor, in the case of a PhD thesis, The form is designed to protect the work of the candidate, by requiring proper acknowledgement of any quotations from it. At the same time the declaration preserves the University' s philosophy that the purpose of research is to seek the truth and to extend the frontiers of knowledge and that the results of such research which have been written up in thesis form should be available to others for scrutiny. The normal protection of copyright law applies to theses, (This form has the approval ofthe Librarian) Theses HB 0.1 BH39 tJghthouses of New Zealand. A Bright Tourism Oe,portunity....:. •• Rebecca Berryman A dissertation submitted for the partial fulfillment of Master of Tourism University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealan d. August 1998. NOT FOR LOAN Declaration. Author: Rebecca Berryman Title: Lighthouses ofNew Zealand. A Bright Tourism Opportunity. Degree: Master of Tourism Department: Centre for Tourism. I agree that this dissertation may be consulted for research and study purposes and that reasonable quotation may be made from it, provided that proper acknowledgement ofits use is made. I consent to this dissertation being copied in part or in whole for i) a library ii) an individual at the discretion ofthe Librarian ofthe University ofOtago. Signature: Date: Lighthouse Tourism ii Acknowledgements. The assistance and support ofmany people have contributed to the completion ofthis dissertation. Inparticular I would like to acknowledge the assistance ofProfessor Kearsley, my supervisor; Dr Ken Bell, ChiefLighthouse Engineer with the Maritime Safety Authority; Michael Waiters and fellow lighthouse enthusiasts both nationally and internationally who contributed ideas, and information, for this dissertation. Thanks are also extended to my husband and children for their patience and encouragement. Lighthouse Tourism III Abstract. Lighthouses have always attracted the public's interest. They encompass a slice of New Zealand's history and are often surrounded by spectacular scenery and wildlife. Up until the mid 1990s, New Zealand's lighthouses were manned by keepers who fulfilled the role of, tourism guides, and lighthouse site interpreters. With the event of automation visitor access to our lighthouses has changed dramatically. The current situation relating to lighthouse visitor management, and lighthouse tourism activities, in New Zealand is explored. This is contrasted with lighthouse visitor management and lighthouse tourism trends in Australia, the United Kingdom, and America. It was determined that since de-manning, New Zealand's lighthouse sites have suffered a variety offates. There has been the development ofsome successful tourism activities, such as four wheel drive adventures, backpackers accommodation, and museum sites. Whilst in other areas, these sites have been totally neglected and subsequently vandalised. It is recommended that one overall authority should be appointed to oversee future lighthouse site usage. This authority needs to undertake a ----------ftmdamentahignifi-cance-assessmentof-eachlighthonse-site;-to-determine-the-----~-----­ feasibility ofadaptively reusing these cultural resources for tourism purposes, whilst preserving those features ofcore heritage and cultural value. Initiating public interest and enthusiasm for lighthouse sites, internationally, has resulted in support for fundraising, volunteer efforts, historical site research, and the development oftourism opportunities. Internet web sites have been used as a successful medium for marketing, networking and capturing public interest on a national and global basis. The Historic Heritage Management Review currently being undertaken by the government should provide a good basis for future management of our lighthouse sites. Lighthouse Tourism iv Table of Contents. Declaration 11 Acknowledgements 111 Abstract. IV Table ofContents........................................................ V List ofCharts................................................................ VI The Coastwise Lights. ........... .......................................... Vll Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 How are lighthouses and tourism linked?... ....... ...... .. .... .... 2 1.2 Study Outline.......................................................... 3 1.3 Specific Research Objectives.............................. 4 Chapter 2. Literature Review 5 2.1 BriefHistory ofNew Zealand's Lighthouses...... 6 2.11 Beginnings........................................................ 6 2.12 Construction and Maintenance................................. 6 2.13 The Keepers... 8 2.14 De-manning 10 2.15 Lighthouses and Tourism, Historically in New Zealand.... 13 2.2 Heritage Management and Interpretation. ... ... 14 2.3 Tourism and Conservation............................................. 15 Chapter 3. Methodology 17 3.1 Introduction............................................................. 18 3.2 Specific Research Objectives Revisited............................. 18 3.3 Data Collection Techniques.......................................... 19 3.4 Data Analysis. ... ....... .... .. ... ... .. .. .. .... ... ... .... ... .. .. ... ... ... 21 Chapter 4. Results 22 4.1 New Zealand.................. 23 4.11 De-manning Recommendations... ... .. ... .. 23 4.12 Principal Caretakers of New Zealand's Lighthouse Sites... 27 4.13 Legislative Protection ofHistoric Sites............... 27 4.14 Lighthouse Tourism Activities since De-manning........... 30 4.141 The Historic Places Trust... ... ... ........ .... .. ..... .... 31 4.142 The Department of Conservation....................... 32 4.143 Local Authorities, Voluntary Groups... 33 4.144 Linked Tours between Lighthouses................ 34 4.15 General Lighthouse Tourism Considerations................. 37 4.151 Status....................................................... 38 4.152 Networking I Marketing................................. 38 4.153 Interpretation 39 Lighthouse Tourism v 4.154 Significance Assessments............................... 39 4.155 Access...................................................... 41 4.2 United Kingdom...................................................... 45 4.21 Caretakers ofLighthouses......... 45 4.22 Policy Towards Uses of Sites since Automation............ 45 4.23 Lighthouse Societies........................................... 47 4.24 Lighthouse Tours............................................... 47 4.25 Secondary Product...... .. .. .. 48 4.3 Australia '" .. 48 4.31 Policy on Use ofSites since Automation... .. 48 4.32 The Australian Lighthouse Project........................... 50 4.33 Lighthouse Tourism Activities ".... 50 4.4 America.. ... .. ... 51 4.41 Policy on Use of Lighthouse Sites since Automation...... 51 4.42 The United States Lighthouse Society........................ 51 4.43 Lighthouse Tourism Activities................................ 52 4.44 Secondary Lighthouse Product.... .. 54 Chapter 5. Conclusions 55 Chapter 6. Recommendations 59 References 61 Appendices 63 List of Charts. A. Map ofLocation ofNew Zealand's Lighthouses............... 12 B. Overview ofUse ofNew Zealand's Lighthouse Sites Since Automation................................................... 35 C. Access Grades to New Zealand's Lighthouses.................. 41 Lighthouse Tourism vi THE COASTWISE LIGHTS Our brows are bound with spindrift and the weed is on our knees,' Our loins are battered 'neath us by the swinging, smoking seas. From reefand rock andskerry - over headland, ness and voe­ The Coastwise Lights ofEngland watch the ships ofEngland go! Through the endless summer evenings, on the lineless, level floors,' Through the yelling Channel tempest when