PROJECT HEGAASUS Loughborough University, UK Virginia Tech, USA Powertrain Department Structures Department Aircraft Systems Department Aircraft Performance Department Business and Sales Department Modelling Department HYBRID ELECTRIC GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT 2018 AIAA UNDERGRADUATE DESIGN COMPETITION Hybrid Electric General Aviation Aircraft Proposal HAMSTERWORKS DESIGN TEAM Sammi Rocker (USA) Daniel Guerrero (UK) Kyle Silva (USA) Design and Modelling Aircraft Integration Landing Gear & Certification AIAA – 543803 AIAA – 921916 AIAA –921097 Ashley Peyton-Bruhl (UK) Danny Fritsch (USA) Nathaniel Marsh (UK) Business & Sales Flight Physics Propulsion Design AIAA – 921913 AIAA-921435 AIAA-921919 Troy Bergin (USA) Jennifer Glover (UK) Alexander Mclean (USA) Structural Design Powertrain Design Stability & Performance AIAA – 736794 AIAA - 921554 AIAA - 921291 Dhirun Mistry (UK) Pradeep Raj, Ph.D. (USA) James Knowles, Ph.D. (UK) Avionic Systems Virginia Tech Advisor Loughborough University Advisor AIAA – 921917 i Hybrid Electric General Aviation Aircraft Proposal CONTENTS HAMSTERWORKS DESIGN TEAM ................................................................................................................ I LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................V LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ IX 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. REQUIREMENTS IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................................ 3 2.1. MARKET ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1. Market potential ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2. Analysis of competitor aircraft .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2. NEW TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1. Introduction to hybrid vehicles .............................................................................................................. 5 2.2.2. Technology demonstrators ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.3. Distributed electric propulsion .............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.4. Batteries ................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.3. REQUIREMENTS VALIDATION ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1. Mission comparison ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.2. Cruise altitude selection ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.3.3. Customer requirements ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.4. FINAL REQUIREMENTS STATEMENT AND MISSION PROFILE ......................................................................... 10 3. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. PREFERRED CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. VIRGINIA TECH DOWN SELECTION PROCESS ................................................................................................ 13 1.2. LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY DOWN SELECTION PROCESS ......................................................................... 14 1.3. CONSTRAINTS SIZING ................................................................................................................................... 15 2. CLASS I DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.1. POWERTRAIN AND ENERGY STORAGE .......................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1. Hybrid architecture selection .............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.2. Energy storage sizing........................................................................................................................... 17 2.2. MATERIAL SELECTION ................................................................................................................................. 19 2.3. WING SIZING ................................................................................................................................................ 19 2.4. EMPENNAGE SIZING ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.5. FUSELAGE SIZING ......................................................................................................................................... 21 2.6. CLASS I WEIGHT ESTIMATE.......................................................................................................................... 22 3. CLASS II DESIGN ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1. POWERTRAIN ................................................................................................................................................ 24 3.1.1. Drivetrain component specification ..................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2. Propeller design ................................................................................................................................... 27 ii Hybrid Electric General Aviation Aircraft Proposal 3.1.3. FADEC control .................................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.4. Powertrain system layout ..................................................................................................................... 28 3.2. AERODYNAMICS ........................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1. Wing Planform ..................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.2. Airfoil Selection ................................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.3. High Lift Devices ................................................................................................................................. 31 3.3. STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................................................ 32 3.3.1. Wing ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2. Fuselage ............................................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.3. Empennage .......................................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.4. Landing gear ........................................................................................................................................ 35 3.4. CONTROL AND STABILITY ............................................................................................................................ 36 3.4.1. Horizontal stabilizer ............................................................................................................................ 36 3.4.2. Vertical stabilizer ................................................................................................................................. 37 3.4.3. Control surface sizing .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.5. SUBSYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 40 3.5.1. Flight control architecture ................................................................................................................... 40 3.5.2. Avionics ..............................................................................................................................................