United States Department Personal, Societal, and of Agriculture Forest Service Ecological Values of Wilderness: Rocky Mountain Research Station Sixth World Wilderness Proceedings RMRS-P-14 Congress Proceedings on July 2000 Research, Management, and Allocation, Volume II Abstract Watson, Alan E.; Aplet, Greg H.; Hendee, John C., comps. 2000. Personal, societal, and ecological values of wilderness: Sixth World Wilderness Congress proceedings on research, management, and allocation, vol. II; 1998 October 24-29; Bangalore, India. Proc. RMRS-P-14. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 248 p. The papers contained in Volume II of these Proceedings represent a combination of papers originally scheduled for the delayed 1997 meeting of the World Wilderness Congress and those submitted in response to a second call for papers when the Congress was rescheduled for October 24-29, 1998, in Bangalore, India. Just as in Volume I, the papers are divided into seven topic areas: protected area systems: challenges, solutions, and changes; understanding and protecting biodiversity; human values and meanings of wilderness; wilderness for personal growth; understanding threats and services related to wilderness resources; the future of wilderness: challenges of planning, management, training, and research; and international cooperation in wilderness protection. Keywords: biodiversity, protected areas, tourism, economics, recreation, wildlife, international cooperation The Compilers Alan E. Watson is a Research Social Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, and Executive Editor for Science, the International Journal of Wilderness. The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute is an interagency (Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey) unit administered by the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. The Leopold Institute is located on the campus of the University of Montana, Missoula. Dr. Watson’s research interests are primarily in wilder- ness experience quality, including the influences of conflict, solitude, visitor impacts, and recreation fees. E-mail: [email protected] Greg H. Aplet is a Forest Ecologist in The Wilderness Society’s Denver office, where he analyzes ecological aspects of federal land management policy. Greg has worked as an Assistant Professor and Research Associate in the Department of Forest Sciences, Colorado State University (1990 to 1991), as a Post-doctoral Research Affiliate in the Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University (1988 to 1989), and as a lecturer in the Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo (1988). He is the author of several publications on the dynamics of Rocky Mountain and Hawaiian forests, the ecology of biological invasions, and the conservation of biological diversity. E-mail: [email protected] John C. Hendee is Professor and Director of the University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center in Moscow, ID, U.S.A., where he teaches and leads research on the use of wilderness for personal growth. He is senior coauthor of the textbook “Wilderness Management” [1st and 2nd editions], a founder and Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Wilderness, and a Director and Vice President for science and education of the WILD Foundation, sponsors of the World Wilderness Congress. He also assists his wife, Marilyn Riley, in leading programs with her business, Wilderness Transitions, Inc. E-mail: [email protected] Personal, Societal, and Ecological Values of Wilderness: Sixth World Wilderness Congress Proceedings on Research, Management, and Allocation, Volume II Bangalore, India, October 1998 Compilers: Alan E. Watson Greg H. Aplet John C. Hendee Preface compilers, and all copyrights are released by contribut- ing authors. The Sixth World Wilderness Congress met in The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, The Bangalore, India, October 24-29, 1998. Volume I of Wilderness Society, the University of Idaho, and the these Proceedings, with 27 papers, was published at WILD Foundation are proud to cooperate in compiling that time. This was made possible due to the post- and distributing these two volumes of papers. We thank ponement of the Congress, originally scheduled for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research 1997, but delayed due to political considerations within Station Publishing Services Staff for an outstanding India. This second volume contains some papers origi- job of editing and publishing both volumes. We also nally scheduled for presentation in 1997, but is larger extend a special thank you to Janet Sproull of the than originally expected due to a second round of Leopold Institute for continued dedication to making this acceptance of papers prior to the 1998 session. knowledge available through persistence during the The papers included in this volume represent the original call for papers, the postponement, the second knowledge brought together and shared at the scien- round of paper reviews, coordinating editing and revi- tific meeting associated with the Congress, entitled sion of all papers, and finally coordinating review of “Personal, Societal, and Ecological Values of Wilder- page proofs. Janet did an outstanding job in all capaci- ness: Sixth World Wilderness Congress Symposium on ties. Her many new friends around the world certainly Research, Management, and Allocation.” Every paper join us in this heartfelt thank you. in this proceedings received peer edit by two of the The Compilers, April 2000 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and Proceedings number. Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1396 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rm Mailing Address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 W. Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526-2098 Pesticide Precautionary Statement This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. CAUTION: PESTICIDES The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or any product or service Contents Page I. Protected Area Systems: Challenges, Solutions, and Changes ................................................ 1 David Ostergren Converging Protected Area Policy: A Case Study of the Russian Zapovednik Steve Hollenhorst (Strict Nature Preserve) and American Wilderness Systems .................................... 3 Franco Zunino The Wilderness Concept and Its Philosophy in Italy: The History and the Successes of the Idea as a Conservation Principle ................................................... 9 Wesley Henry Management of Commercial Air Tourism over National Parks ................................... 12 Rick Ernenwein Howie Thompson Steve Oppermann Maretha Shroyer Wilderness in an Urban Setting: Planning and Management of the Darryll Kilian Cape Peninsula National Park, Cape Town, South Africa ....................................... 19 James Jackelman Randy T. Welsh A comparison of Strategies for Rationing and Managing Use on Selected Rivers in the United States in 1986 and 1998 .......................................................... 25 II. Understanding and Protecting Biodiversity ...............................................................................35 Matthias Diemer Changing Paradigms in Wilderness Ecology: A View of Academia from Outside ...... 37 David J. Parsons Restoration of Natural Fire to United States Wilderness Areas .................................. 42 Anna-Liisa Sippola Biodiversity in Finnish Wilderness Areas: Aspects on Preserving Species and Habitats ............................................................................................................. 48 L. Rybalov Temperature Adaptations of Terrestrial Arthropods of the Yenisey Region of T. Rossolimo Siberia (Asian Ecological Transect) ......................................................................... 57 W. Block III. Human Values and Meanings of Wilderness .............................................................................63 Berit C. Kaae Attachment, Change, and Displacement Among Winter Recreationists at Snoqualmie Pass ..................................................................................................... 65 Karen M. Fox Sojourning: A Specific Wayfaring Metaphor Related to Environmental Ethics ........... 71 Gordon Walker Leo H. McAvoy Daniel R. Williams Personal and Social Meanings of Wilderness: Constructing and Contesting Places in a Global Village ....................................................................................... 77 Mikel Vause Mountaineering: The Heroic Expression of Our Age ................................................... 83 William T. Borrie Impacts of Technology on the Meaning