The Wallace Stevens Journal Volume 27 Number 1 Spring 2003 Special Issue The Poetics of Place in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens Contents Introduction: A Personal Reflection —John N. Serio 3 “A Moving Part of a Motion”: Place as Poesis in Stevens’ Poetry of the Earth —Carol H. Cantrell 7 The Westwardness of Everything: Irishness in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens —Daniel Tobin 27 Places for the Future to Come: Wallace Stevens and Frank Lloyd Wright —Michael Beehler 49 Family and Place in Wallace Stevens —Justin Quinn 65 Wallace Stevens’ “An Ordinary Evening in New Haven”: The “Inescapable Romance” of Place —Keith Manecke 80 Place and Nothingness in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens —Robert Pack 97 Place and Poetry in Stevens’ “The Rock” —Karen Helgeson 116 Two Photographs of Wallace Stevens by Charles Henri Ford —Erik La Prade 132 Poems 136 Reviews 143 Current Bibliography 157 Cover Wallace Stevens’ House 118 Westerly Terrace, Hartford, Conn. Pen-and-ink drawing by Brigham P. Fay The Wallace Stevens Journal EDITOR John N. Serio POETRY EDITOR ART EDITOR BOOK REVIEW EDITOR Joseph Duemer Kathryn Jacobi George S. Lensing EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS EDITORIAL BOARD Maureen Kravec Milton J. Bates A. Walton Litz Hope Steele Jacqueline V. Brogan James Longenbach Robert Buttel Glen MacLeod Eleanor Cook Marjorie Perloff TECHNICAL ASSISTANT Alan Filreis Joan Richardson Sue Campbell B. J. Leggett Melita Schaum George S. Lensing Lisa M. Steinman The Wallace Stevens Society, Inc. PRESIDENT ADVISORY BOARD John N. Serio Milton J. Bates Joseph Duemer Owen E. Brady Kathryn Jacobi Robert Buttel George S. Lensing David M. Craig A. Walton Litz The Wallace Stevens Journal is published biannually in the Spring and Fall by the Wallace Stevens Society, Inc. Administrative and editorial offices are located at Clarkson University, Box 5750, Potsdam, NY 13699. Phone: (315) 268-3987; Fax: (315) 268-3983; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: www.wallacestevens.com. 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The Wallace Stevens Journal is indexed or abstracted in Abstracts of English Studies, American Humanities Index, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Current Contents, IBR (In- ternational Bibliography of Book Reviews), IBZ (International Bibliography of Periodical Lit- erature), MHRA Annual Bibliography, MLA International Bibliography, and Year’s Work in English Studies. This journal is a member of the Council of Editors of Learned Journals. © 2003 The Wallace Stevens Society, Inc. ISSN 0148-7132 Introduction: A Personal Reflection JOHN N. SERIO HIS SPECIAL ISSUE on the subject of Wallace Stevens and his poet- ics of place has personal significance for me. Exactly thirty years Tago, secluded in a five-by-five foot library carrel at the University of Notre Dame and armed with a state-of-the-art Smith Corona portable electric typewriter, I was diligently working on my dissertation on this topic. I seemed fated to have selected Stevens. I had never heard of him as an undergraduate in the early 1960s and I had never studied him in courses in either my master’s program at Northwestern University in the mid- 1960s or my Ph.D. program at Notre Dame in the early 1970s. But a seed had been planted during my first year of graduate study: on my twenty- second birthday, friends gave me a copy of Poems by Wallace Stevens, se- lected and edited by Samuel French Morse. I put it on my bookshelf. After teaching for several years, I returned to graduate school in 1970 to pursue a doctorate. In one of my courses, an exceptionally good semi- nar on T. S. Eliot, students had to select a topic for a seminar paper from a long list prepared by the instructor. On that list was an item that attracted my attention: T. S. Eliot and Wallace Stevens. With the unread edition of Stevens’ poems still sitting on my bookshelf—and still haunting me—I decided it was time to find out exactly who Wallace Stevens was. That was the beginning of the end, to paraphrase Eliot, for it was love at first sight (or reading, in this case). Perhaps it had something to do with being immersed in Eliot’s poetry, for in Stevens I found a refreshing exu- berance and a stunning originality. I was immediately reminded of Keats’s statement that if poetry come not as naturally as leaves to a tree, let it not come at all. Stevens was a poet born and not made (quite a contrast, to my mind, with Eliot, who, one will recall, dedicated “The Waste Land” to Ezra Pound as il miglior fabbro, the better “maker” or “craftsman”). I wrote a seminar paper on music in Eliot and Stevens, and this marked the begin- ning of my lifelong dedication to Stevens’ poetry. Two years later I selected Stevens as the subject of my dissertation. But what could I write about? Equipped with little more than the new critical approach, I read The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens from cover to cover. What I derived from that experience was a feeling, a deep impression or THE WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL 27.1 (SPRING 2003): 3–6. © 2003 THE WALLACE STEVENS SOCIETY, INC. 3 intuition, if you will, that a sense of place was vital to his poetry. I was not sure what that perception meant or what role place played in his poetics, but I strongly felt its presence. I decided to concentrate on this aspect of his work. What emerged was an appreciative interpretation of Stevens that described a changing poetics as he moved from an early, self-limiting engagement with physical reality to a later, more abstract but mutually transforming interaction between person and place. What I discerned in Stevens was that a composition of place became the essential exercise in a composition of self, an act of the mind that was both liberating and enno- bling. Seeing “The Comedian as the Letter C” as the central, unifying poem of Harmonium, I argued that in his early poems Stevens examines the rela- tionship between people and their surroundings from many perspectives. He observes how some dominate and thus destroy their environment and how others attain a mutually sustaining, although fortuitous, balance with theirs. But for the most part, he records how humans are formed in the image of their surroundings, and his governing principle becomes “I am what is around me” (CP 86). Similar to Crispin’s unforeseen descent into indulgent fatalism, Stevens senses that such a theory can culminate only in environmental determinism. This philosophical dead-end, I suggested, accounts, at least in part, for his nearly decade-long silence. When Stevens returns to poetry in the mid-1930s, he confronts the same problem but at a more abstract level. By seeing the relationship between people and place as a distinctively poetic process—“Poetry is a response to the daily necessity of getting the world right” (OP 201)—he modifies his ideas concerning the relationship with one’s surroundings by translat- ing them into an active, aesthetic mode. Recognizing that “the world about us would be desolate except for the world within us” (NA 169), he ex- presses the central importance of the imagination’s nongeography to the world’s geography. In a meditative poetry of process, he evolves the fic- tive hero, one that elicits a potential self within the reader and one that is capable of transforming the scene of life into a place of sustenance: “Oxidia, banal suburb” becomes “Olympia” (CP 182). His later poetry, I maintained, presents the difficulty of achieving such a transformation of place, for “The ultimate elegance: the imagined land” (CP 250) has to be credible in the face of reality. Stevens begins by ac- knowledging that humans can know only a version of the world. Since ultimate reality remains beyond form, human attempts to conceptualize reality inevitably alter it: one’s forms become one’s fictions. However, since all anyone can ever know must be contained within a conceptual frame, one must strive to make that form credible. Fictive constructs, Stevens’ poetry emphasizes, must be based on original responses to the abstract, the first idea, the image at its source. The accent throughout is on process, fluidity, change. Humans must constantly go back to fresh perceptions, “Not [to] the symbol but [to] that for which the symbol stands” (CP 238), 4 THE WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL in order to make the symbol meaningful, credible. Thus, although the fic- tive mundo in which one lives may be false, it may be “falseness close to kin” (CP 385). This process of creating the world in which we live becomes in Stevens the poetic process itself, the act of the mind finding what will suffice. His theory of poetry becomes no less than a theory of life. In his last phase, I noted, Stevens locates one’s true home within poetry itself, the ceaseless act of the mind, the act of intelligent humans “At the centre of the unintel- ligible, / As in a hermitage” (CP 495). I titled my dissertation “ ‘The Her- mitage at the Center’: The Poetics of Place in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens.” Now, fully three decades later, I have chosen to revisit this topic.