ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Volume 4. Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Vietnam ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS SERIES Titles available Volume 1. A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya Edited by A. Hilbeck and D.A. Andow Volume 2. Methodologies for Assessing Bt Cotton in Brazil Edited by A. Hilbeck, D.A. Andow and E.M.G. Fontes Volume 3. Methodologies for Transgenic Fish Edited by A.R. Kapuscinski, S. Li, K.R. Hayes and G. Dana Volume 4. Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Vietnam Edited by D.A. Andow, A. Hilbeck and Nguyeˆn˜ Va˘n¸ Tua´ˆt ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS Volume 4. Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Vietnam Edited by Series Editors David A. Andow Anne R. Kapuscinski Department of Entomology Department of Fisheries, University of Minnesota Wildlife and Conservation Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Biology University of Minnesota Angelika Hilbeck St Paul, Minnesota, USA Institute for Integrative Biology Swiss Federal Institute and of Technology Zurich, Switzerland Peter J. Schei Fridtjof Nansens Institute Nguyeˆn˜ Va˘n¸ Tuaˆ´t Lysaker, Norway National Institute for Plant Protection Hanoi, Vietnam CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org ©CAB International 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental risk assessment of genetically modifi ed organism / edited by A. Hilbeck and D. Andow. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-861-5 (alk. paper) 1. Crops--Genetic engineering--Environmental aspects. 2. Transgenic plants--Risk assessment. 3. Corn--Genetic engineering--Kenya--Case studies. I. Hilback, A. (Angelika) II. Andow, David Alan. III. Title. SB123.57.E59 2004 631.5'23--dc22 2004007981 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 390 6 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. Contents Contributors ix Editors’ Preface xv Series Foreword xix ¸ Foreword by Bùi Bá Bông, Vice Minister, Ministry xxi of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vietnam 1. Challenges and Opportunities with GM Crops 1 in Vietnam: the Case of Bt Cotton Nguyê˜n Va˘n Tuâ´t, David A. Andow, Gary P. Fitt, Edison R. Sujii, Eliana Fontes, David R. Just and Lê Quang Quyê´n 2. Cotton Production in Vietnam 24 Lê Quang Quyê´n, Nguyê˜n Thi. Hai, Trâ`n Anh Hào, Mai Va˘n Hào, Nguyê˜n Thi. Thanh Bình, Ðàng Na˘ng Bu’u, Du’o’ng Xuân Diêu and Evelyn Underwood 3. Consideration of Problem Formulation and 64 Option Assessment (PFOA) for Environmental Risk Assessment: Bt Cotton in Vietnam ˜ Nguyê˜n Va˘n Uyeˆn, Phan Va˘n Chi, Nguyên Va˘n Bo·ˆ Hoàng Thanh Nhàn, Leˆ Quang Quyê´n, Nguyê˜n Xuân Hoˆ`ng, Leˆ Minh Saˇ´t, Arjen Wals, Deise M.F. Capalbo and Kristen C. Nelson v vi Contents 4. Transgene Locus Structure and Expression 79 Trâ`n Thi Cúc Hoà, Anna Depicker, Kakoli Ghosh, . ¸ Nelson Amugune, Phan Ðình Pháp, Tru’o’ng Nam Hai and David A. Andow 5. Non-target and Biological Diversity Risk Assessment 115 Angelika Hilbeck, Salvatore Arpaia, A. Nicholas E. Birch, Yolanda Chen, Eliana M.G. Fontes, Andreas Lang, Lê Thi. Thu Hô`ng, Gabor L. Lövei, Barbara Manachini, Nguyê˜n Thi. Thu Cúc, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Huy`nh, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Tuâ´t, Pha.m Va˘n Lâ`m, Pham Van Toan, Carmen S.S. Pires, Edison R. Sujii, Trác Khu’o’ng Lai, Evelyn Underwood, Ron E. Wheatley, Lewis J. Wilson, Claudia Zwahlen and David A. Andow 6. Potential Effect of Transgenic Cotton on Non-target 138 Herbivores in Vietnam Nguyê˜n Thi. Thu Cúc, Edison R. Sujii, Lewis J. Wilson, Evelyn Underwood, David A. Andow, Mai Va˘n Hào, Baoping Zhai and Hô` Va˘n Chiê´n 7. Invertebrate Predators in Bt Cotton in Vietnam: 176 Techniques for Prioritizing Species and Developing Risk Hypotheses for Risk Assessment ` Pha·m Va˘n Laˆm, La˜ Pha·m Laˆn, Angelika Hilbeck, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Tuaˆ´t and Andreas Lang 8. Potential Effects of Transgenic Cotton on Non-target 212 Insect Parasitoids in Vietnam Nguyê˜n Va˘n Huy`nh, A. Nicholas E. Birch, Josephine Songa, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Ði˜nh and Trâ`n Thê´ Lâm 9. Potential Effects of Transgenic Cotton on Flower 236 Visitors in Vietnam Lê Thi. Thu Hô`ng, Ðinh Quyê´t Tâm, Hoàng Anh Tuâ´n, Trác Khu’o’ng Lai, Gabor L. Lövei, Carmen S.S. Pires, Fang-Hao Wan, Jian-Ying Guo and David A. Andow 10. Potential Effects of Transgenic Cotton on Soil Ecosystem 258 Processes in Vietnam Pha.m Van Toan, Hoa` ng Ngo.c Bình, Beatrice Anyango, Claudia Zwahlen, Barbara Manachini, David A. Andow and Ron E. Wheatley Contents vii 11. Environmental Risks Associated with Gene Flow from 274 Transgenic Cotton in Vietnam Jill Johnston West, Vu˜ Ðu´’c Quang, Marc Giband, Bao Rong Lu, David A. Andow, Nguyeˆ˜n Hu˜’u Hoˆ, Vu’o’ng Thi. Phaˆ´n and Leˆ Quang Quyeˆ`n 12. Resistance Risk Assessment and Management for 296 Bt Cotton in Vietnam Gary P. Fitt, David A. Andow, Nguyê˜n Hu˜’u Huân, Mike Caprio, Celso Omoto, Nguyê˜n Tho’, Nguyê˜n Hô`ng So’n and Bùi Cách Tuyê´n 13. Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton 330 in Vietnam: Synthesis and Recommendations David A. Andow, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Tuâ´t, Angelika Hilbeck, Evelyn Underwood, A. Nicholas E. Birch, Ðinh Quyê´t Tâm, Gary P. Fitt, Marc Giband, Jill Johnston West, Andreas Lang, Lê Quang Quyê´n, Lê Thi. Thu Hô`ng, Gabor L. Lövei, Kristen C. Nelson, Nguyê˜n Hô`ng So’n, Nguyê˜n Hu˜’u Huân, Nguyê˜n Thi. Hai, Nguyê˜n Thi. Thu Cúc, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Huy`nh, Nguyê˜n Va˘n Uyê˜n, Pha˘m Vâ´n La.m, Pha.m Van Toan, Edison R. Sujii, Trâ`n Anh Hào, Trâ`n Thi. Cúc Hoà, Vu˜ Ðu´’c Quang, Ron E. Wheatley and Lewis J. Wilson Index 345 The colour plate section can be found following p. 43. This page intentionally left blank Contributors Important note: All of the Vietnamese names in this book are stated in the standard format in Vietnamese, with the family name first, followed by the given name. Vietnamese typically address each other by the given name, in part because there are relatively few family names. Following international citation standards, Vietnamese references are called using only the family name. However, to facilitate identification of the actual author the entire given name is included in the references for each chapter. Amugune, Nelson Onzere, Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, Nairobi, Kenya. [email protected] Andow, David A., Professor of Insect Ecology, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. [email protected] Anyango, Beatrice, Senior Lecturer, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Riverside Drive, Chironomo Campus, Nairobi, GPO 00100, Kenya. [email protected] Arpaia, Salvatore, Researcher, Department of Biotechnology/Health and Environment Protection, ENEA – Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment, Research Centre Trisaia, S.S. 106 Ionica km 419+500, Rotondella, Montana I-75026, Italy. salvatore.arpaia@ trisaia.enea.it Birch, A.N.E., LEAF Coordinator, SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK. [email protected] Bùi Cách Tuyê´ n, Rector, Ho Chi Minh Agriculture and Forestry University (HCM AFU), Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. [email protected] ix x Contributors Capalbo, Deise, Embrapa Environment (CNPMA), Rodovia SP 340, Km 127.5, CP 69, Tanquinho Velho, Jaguariúna, SP, CEP 13820-000, Brazil. [email protected] Caprio, Michael, Professor of Insect Genetics, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Box 9775, Mississippi 39762, USA. [email protected] Chen, Yolanda H., Entomologist, Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPA Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines. [email protected] Ðàng Na˘ ng Bu’u, Nhaho Research Institute for Cotton and Agricultural Development, Nha Ho, Ninh Son, Ninh Thuan, Vietnam. [email protected] Depicker, Anna, Professor, Plant Systems Biology, Plant Gene Regulation, Ghent University, VIB, Technologie Park 927, Gent B-9052, Belgium. [email protected] Ðinh Quye´ˆ t Tâm, Bee Research Centre, MARD, Hanoi, Vietnam. dinhqtam@ hn.vnn.vn Du’o’ng Xuân Diêu, Nhaho Research Institute for Cotton and Agricultural Development, Nha Ho, Ninh Son, Ninh Thuan, Vietnam. [email protected] Fitt, Gary P., Deputy Chief, CSIRO Entomology, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland, QLD 4068, Australia. [email protected] Fontes, Eliana, Research Group Leader, Biosafety, Biological Control Unit, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Parque Estacão Biológica, Caixa Postal 02372, Av. W5 Norte – Final, Brasília, DF 70770-900, Brazil. [email protected] Ghosh, Kakoli, Agriculture Officer (Capacity Building), Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP), Seed and Plant Genetic Resources Service (AGPS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Viale Delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Lazio I-00100, Italy.