A Study of Best Practices in the Implementation of Mid Day Meal Programme in Orissa Dr. S.K. Mallik Assistant Professor Department of Educational Finance National University of Educational Planning and Administration 17-B Sri Aurobindo Marg New Delhi-110016 July 2008 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Ved Prakash, Vice-Chancellor and Prof. Pramila Menon, Coordinator, Project on Best Practices in Implementation of Mid Day Meal (MDM) Programme for assigning the responsibility to me to undertake a visit to Orissa to see the best practices being followed by the state government in Mid Day Meal Programme. I am thankful to Shri J.B. Mishra, Joint Secretary and Nodal officer in charge of MDM prgramme, Department of Women and Child Development, Government of Orissa for providing all type of support for my visit to the state in connection with the project. I covered all the blocks and municipalities of Jharsuguda district. I express my gratitude to Ms. Debjani Chakravarty, District Collector, Ms.Prativa Mohanty, District Social Welfare Officer, Shri Krupansindhu Nayak, SSWO, Shri Premananda Urma, Officials of Blocks and Municipalities for facilitating my visit to fifteen schools. The last but not the least, I am thankful to all the teachers including the headmasters of the schools, members of Women Self Help Group, members of VEC and others for providing the pertinent information related to MDM programme during my three day visit to the district Jarsuguda. July, 2008 S. K. Mallik CONTENTS Section I: Introduction 1.1 Historical Background of Orissa 1.2 Orissa at a Glance 1.3 Educational Profile Jharsuguda: District Profile 1.4 Historical Background 1.5 Geographical features 1.6 Soil 1.7 River System 1.8 Climate and Rainfall 1.9 Forest 1.10 Mineral resources and Industries 1.11 Language 1.12 Festivals 1.13 District Jharsuguda at Glance 1.14 District Educational Profile Section II: Implementation of Mid Day Meal in Orissa 2.1 Background of Programme 2.2.Calorific/ protein content 2.3. Food Grains Management 2.4. Financial Management 2.5. School Health Programme 2.6. Construction of Kitchen Sheds 2.7. Monitoring 2.8. NGO participation 2.9. Best practices followed in the state 2.10 Procurement of Ingredients 2.11 Cooking & Serving 2.12 Procurement of Cooking Devices 2.13 Inspection and Supervision at field level 2.14 Coverage of School Section III: Best Practices of Mid Day Meal in Jharsuguda Annexures Bibliography A Study of Best Practices in the Implementation of Mid Day Meal Programme in Orissa Section I Introduction 1.1 Historical Background of Orissa Orissa, the land of Oriyas was known as Kalinga in ancient days. In the third century BC (261) Ashoka the Mauryan emperor, sent a powerful force to conquer Kalinga which offered stubborn resistance. Kalinga was subdued but the carnage which followed, struck Ashoka with remorse. After the death of Ashoka, Kalinga regained its independence. In the second century BC, it became a powerful country under Kharavela. With the death of Kharavela, Orissa passed into obscurity. In the fourth century AD, Samudragupta invaded Orissa which lay astride his path and overcame resistance offered by five of its kings. In 610 AD, Orissa came under the sway of King Sasanka. After Sasanka’s death, Harsha conquered Orissa. Orissa had its own rulers (Ganga dynasty) in the seventh century AD. In 795 AD, Mahasivagupta Yajati II came to the throne and with him began the most brilliant epoch in the history of Orissa. He united Kalinga, Kangoda, Utkal and Koshala in the imperial tradition of Kharavela. Under the Kings of Ganga dyanasty, Orissa continued to flourish. Narasingha Dev of this dynasty is reputed to have built unique Sun Temple of Konark. From mid 16th century, Orissa ruled successively by five Muslim kings till 1952, when Akbar annexed it into the Mughal empire. With the decline of the Mughal Empire, Marathas occupied Orissa. They continued to hold it till the British took over in 1803. Orissa was made into a separate province on 1 April 1936. After independence princely states in and around Orissa surrendered their sovereignty to the Government of India. By the States Merger (Governor’s Provinces) Order, 1949 the princely states of Orissa were completely merged with the state of Orissa in 1 January 1949. Although the state of Orissa had many ancient names like Kalinga, Utkal and Udra, it is widely known as the land of Lord Jagannath. Lord Jagannath is intimately connected with the social, cultural and religious life of Orissa. Jainism, Islam and Christianity have had considerable impact on the people of Orissa in different periods. Orissa is situated in the north-eastern part of the Indian Peninsula. It is bound by the Bay of Bengal in the east, West Bengal in the north- east, Jharkhand in the North, Chhatisgarh in the west and Andhra Pradesh in the south. The state may be broadly divided into four geographical regions – northern plateau, central river basin, eastern hills and coastal plains. 1.2 Orissa at a Glance 1. Total area (Sq. Kms.) 1,55,707 2. Total Population, (2001 census) 36,804,660 Total Males 18,660,570 Total Females 18,144,090 3. Decadal growth rate + 16.25 1991–2001 (in %) 4. Density of Pop. per Sq. Km. 236 5. Sex ratio 972 6. Total Urban population, 2001 5,517,238 Total Males 2,911,600 Total Females 2,605,638 7. Total Rural Population, 2001 31,287,422 Total males 15,748,970 Total Females 15,538,452 8. Total literates and literacy rate 9,837,055 (63.08 %) Total male literates & literacy rate 11,992,333 (75.35 %) Total female literates & literacy rate 7,844,722 (50.51 %) 9.Scheduled Castes Population 6,082,063 (16.53 %) 10.Scheduled Tribes Population 8, 145, 08122. (13 %) 11. Number of Districts 30 12. Subdivisions 58 13. Number of Tahasils 171 14. Grama Panchayats 6,234 15. Number of Blocks 314 16. Number of Villages 51,349 17. Number of Towns 138 18. Municipal Corporations 02 19. Municipalities 35 20. NAC 66 21. Industrial Towns 02 22. Police-Stations 470 23. Number of Fire Stations 153 24. Assembly Constituencies 147 25.Lok Sabha Constituencies 21 26.Rajya Sabha Seats 10 2 1.3 Educational Profile Number Teacher- Category Total Number Total Enrolment of Student Teachers Ratio Pre-Primary Schools 373 30498 - - Primary Schools 42104 4080000 111040 37 Elementary Schools 12096 1296000 39814 34 Secondary Schools 6072 1031000 51436 20 Senior Secondary 231 10500 7827 57 Schools Pre Degree /Junior 510 376000 Colleges Board of Intermediate 1 - - - /Secondary Education 524 138932 - - Degree College (Arts/Sc./Com.) (BA/BSc.BCom) 13 3345 - - Engg. College (B.E./B.Sc./B.Arch.) Professional College - - - - 19 3120 - - Medical College (MBBS) 5 10807 - - (MA/MSc/MCom) All University 499 (Ph.D/D.Phill/D.Sc.) Teacher Training 13 2028 - - College (B.Ed. /B.T.) Teacher Training School 69 7200 - - Polytechnic Institutes 5 800 - - Technical /Industrial 26 7300 - /Arts & Craft School 3 Jharsuguda : District Profile 1.4 Historical Background Jharsuguda is one of the 30 districts of Orissa situated in the western part of the state. The district was a part of the erstwhile Sambalpur district. The new district of Jharsuguda came into existence on 1st April, 1994 and was created by amalgamation of the erstwhile Jamindars of Rampur, Kolabira, Padampur & Kudabaga. Jharsuguda Town is the head quarters of the new district. Jharsuguda is rich in mineral wealth, especially coal and it is one of the most industrialized districts of Orissa. 1.5 Geographical features The Jharsuguda district lies between 21.2 degree north to 22.7 degree North latitude and between 83.23 degree East to 84.23 degree East longitude. It is bounded on south by Sundergarh, north by Sambalpur and Bargarh district, west by Sambalpur east by Raigarh district of Madhya Pradesh. The water resources of Hirakund Dam lies between south west of Jharsuguda District. 1.6 Soil Major portion of the land area covering hilly region has a radish stony soil. The plain region having brownish black soil is suitable for paddy and vegetable cultivation. The soil of the riverbanks and delta area is sandy loom suitable for cultivation of paddy, sugarcane and groundnut. Some part of Lakhanpur block is specially known for ginger cultivation which it exports in tonnes to other countries. 1.7 River System All rivers of Jharsuguda district, such as Kelo, Mahanandi, Basundhara, Bheden and Hatianala flow from West, North and East to Southward. The longest earth dam of Asia the Hiakud Dam has been constructed on the southern part of Jharsuguda where all the small rivers of Jharsuguda mingle with the river Mahanandi. 4 1.8 Climate and Rainfall The district has a mean elevation of 230-250 metre above sea level and the climate of the district is characterised by a hot dry summer. The temperature in the month of May is 42 degree at the maximum and 50 degree centigrade at the maximum. The average rainfall is 1500 milimetere equivalent to 59’’. From April to August the wind blows from south and southwest where as from September onwards wind blows from north west. 1.9 Forest Once the district was famous for its flora and fauna. Its forest was famous for sal and paisal tree. But due to the explosion of open coast coal mines and indiscriminate felling of trees, forest is now mostly barren expecting a few patches in Lakhanpur and Laikera block. 1.10 Mineral resources and Industries The district is rich in minerals like coals, quartzile and fire clay. Besides deposit of limestone, granite, white sand stone and laterite stone are also found in several places.