Economic and Political Analysis Spring 2017 California’s Many and Varied Attacks pg. 2 - 3 A Coordinated Response: Law Enforcement Response to the San Bernardino Attack pg. 4-11 Photo Credit: CC BY-SA 2.0 |Wikimedia Commons Emergency Medical Response pg. 12-17 Legislative Responses to Terrorism: We Remember California’s History San Bernardino, December 2, 2015 pg. 18-23 Robert Adams Shannon Johnson Isaac Amanios Larry Daniel Kaufman Bennetta Betbadal Damian Meins Harry Bowman Tin Nguyen Sierra Clayborn Nicholas Thalasinos Juan Espinoza Yvette Velasco Aurora Godoy Michael Raymond Wetzel INLAND EMPIRE CENTER - INLANDEMPIRECENTER.ORG | 2 California’s Many and Varied Attacks by Lindsay Burton ’19 Photo Credit: San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department | Wikimedia Commons In September 2015, I began a project at the Rose 2015. We found a variety of attacks, perpetrated by Institute of State and Local Government researching many different and changing groups and individuals the history of terrorism in California. Little did I through the decades. know that my research would soon come to include my hometown of San Bernardino. Fellow students Wes The bombing of the Los Angeles Times building Edwards ’18 and Bryn Miller ’19 joined me in combing in 1910 was the one of the first and most prominent through newspaper archives looking for reports of attacks of the1900s. Members of the International terrorist acts in California. Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers detonated a suitcase filled with dynamite and intended The term domestic terrorism is defined in federal law to go off at 4:00 a.m. when no employees would be as activities that (A) involve acts dangerous to human in the building. Instead, the bomb went off at 1:00 life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the a.m., killing 21 people and injuring another 100. The United States or of any State; (B) appear to be intended Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies), a Socialist (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to union that advocated direct action, were responsible influence the policy of a government by intimidation or for a number of other attacks against businesses in the coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government following decade. They were also suspected of pipe by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and bombing a Preparedness Day Parade in San Francisco (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of in 1916 that killed 10 people and injured another the United States. (18 U.S. Code § 2331). We searched 40. The Cats Claw Club of California (CCC of C), a public databases for the Los Angeles Times, Sacramento sub-group of the Wobblies, threatened and bombed a Bee, San Francisco Chronicle, and the San Diego Union- number of wealthy and prominent people from 1916- Tribune, using a list of more than 50 search terms, 1918. Their targets included the Governor’s mansion to look for incidents occurring from 1910 through in Sacramento in 1917. INLAND EMPIRE CENTER - INLANDEMPIRECENTER.ORG | 3 Members of the Klu Klux Klan were responsible for Abortion clinics have been the target of violent threats and attacks in various cities starting in 1922. attacks since the early 1980s. In 1984, a clinic in San There are reports of threats and assaults in Los Angeles, Diego was firebombed, causing $200,000 in damage. Bakersfield, and San Francisco in 1922, and continuing The same facility was again attacked in 1985. Since then, through the 1940s, and even into the 1980s. For abortion facilities across the state have been targets, example, the Los Angeles Times ran stories of a young including clinics in San Diego (1987), Long Beach woman in Los Angeles who was branded with a cross (1988), Redding (1990, 1992), Sacramento (1992), in 1926 and of cross burnings in Huntington Park in Fresno (1992), and Chico (1994). More recently, a 1940 and even as late as 1983 in Kagel Canyon. Planned Parenthood clinic in Thousand Oaks was the target of an arson attack in 2015. The 1960s saw the rise of various ethno-nationalist groups such as the Black Panther Party, Chicano Environmental extremists engaged in acts of Liberation Front, pro-Castro and anti-Castro groups, vandalism and arson starting in the 1980s. For example, and the Jewish Defense League. The Chicano a group called the Animal Liberation Front vandalized Liberation Front was one of the most active, claiming laboratories at Loma Linda University Medical Center credit for 28 bombings of banks, schools, government in 1984 and at the University of California Davis in buildings, and supermarkets in 1970-71. The group 1988 and 1997. The 1997 attack caused $4.6 million also claimed credit for the shooting of the police chief of property damage to the campus. Another group of Union City in 1974. Between 1973 and 1976, a called Farm Animal Revenge Militia was responsible group known as the Death Angels was responsible for for a series of arson attacks against meat wholesalers in a string of 12 murders in San Francisco (known as the 1993 and 1994 in San Diego. Animal Liberation Front Zebra Killings). The Los Angeles Times reported in 1975 also attacked poultry and meat processing facilities in that this group had a plan to run all whites out of San 1999 and 2000. It continues to be active, with an attack Francisco. The police investigation of those murders on a San Diego fur shop in 2013. Earth Liberation grew into a dragnet that took in many innocent young Front is a third environmental extremist group whose black men for questioning and was ultimately stopped activity began in 2000. Its targets have included the by U.S. District Judge Alfonso Zirpoli. Four men were Delta & Pine Land Company in 2001, car dealerships ultimately tried and convicted of the Zebra Killings. in the San Gabriel Valley, Santa Cruz, and West Covina in 2003, and construction sites in San Diego in 2003, Radical left-wing groups such as the Weather Sacramento in 2004, and Carmel Valley and Pasadena Underground, Symbionese Liberation Army, and New in 2006. World Liberation Front were also active in the 1960s and 1970s. The Symbionese Liberation Army may best The last attack in our study (through 2015) is be known for the kidnapping of Patty Hearst in 1974, the shooting at the Inland Regional Center in San but six of their members also died in a shootout with Bernardino, on December 2, 2015. There, two gunmen police the same year. The New World Liberation Front killed 14 people and injured another 22. Investigators was responsible for many attacks in the 1970s, mostly have not linked the shooters to a terrorist organization, in the Bay Area. Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski, but think that they were ‘self-radicalized’ and motivated who briefly taught at the University of California by religious fanaticism. Berkeley, sent a series of bombs to locations across the country, starting in 1978 and ending in 1995. Four of Terrorism does not have one story, one face, or one the 16 targets were in California. Bombs in 1982 and goal. Our archival research shows that many different 1985 severely injured researchers at the University of people and entities in California have been targets in California at Berkeley. Kaczynski’s bombs also killed the last century. Many different groups and ideologies a store owner in Sacramento in 1985 and a timber motivated those attacks. Radical extremism can industry lobbyist in 1995 in Sacramento. originate from almost anywhere across the ethnic and political spectrum. INLAND EMPIRE CENTER - INLANDEMPIRECENTER.ORG | 4 A Coordinated Response: Law Enforcement Response to the San Bernardino Attack Photo Credit: Mesa0789 | Wikimedia Commons by Nick Sage ’20 n December 2, 2015, Rizwan Farook and The response to the shooting can be broken into OTashfeen Malik launched a devastating attack four distinct stages: the initial response to the attack, on the Inland Regional Center (IRC) in San Bernardino, medical treatment and evacuation of the victims, California. Resulting in the death of 14 innocents and pursuit and elimination of the gunmen, and conducting the injury of 24 others, the San Bernardino shooting the investigation. Each part of the response presented in 2015 was the deadliest terrorist attack on the United different operational challenges, most of which were States since September 11, 2001. It was also the worst handled well by those on the scene and some of which mass shooting since Sandy Hook in 2012. revealed flaws in protocol and/or coordination. Americans — and Californians especially — were The attack began when Rizwan Farook and his shocked. The shooting was another warning that the wife Tashfeen Malik entered the IRC at 10:59 a.m., United States is not impervious to terrorist attacks. December 2, 2015. The IRC is a non-profit organization San Bernardino also reminded the American people that provides support services to thousands of people that the first line of defense against domestic terrorism with developmental disabilities in southern California. is not soldiers armed for war, but rather local police, County departments frequently use it for training medical, and fire services. The men and women of the programs because of the availability of a large conference 17 agencies that responded to the attack acted with room and the IRC’s proximity to the county office utmost courage. Many lessons can be learned from their building. Farook was an employee of the San Bernardino actions in order to prepare for and respond to future County Environmental Health Department and was attacks. The Community Oriented Policing Services there with approximately 80 of his colleagues for a day (COPS) of the United States Justice Department and of training.