A COMBINED APPROACH BASED ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: THE CASE STUDY OF CIRCEO NATIONAL PARK, ITALY Faculty of Economics Department of Methods and Models for Economy, Territory and Finance (MEMOTEF) PhD programme in Models for the Economics and Finance, XXXII cycle, curriculum in Economic Geography Stefania Benetti Student number 1328291 Supervisor Co-supervisor Professor Davide Marino Dr. Cary Yungmee Hendrickson To Gilberto, my family, and all the people who believed in me and supported my work. “Nature is not a visiting place. It is home.” (Gary Snyder) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................................................... vi PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES .......................................................................................... 4 1.3. VALUES AND VALUATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.4. SOCIO-CULTURAL EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES .................................................................. 11 1.5. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES APPROACH IN ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ............................................. 13 1.6. REASERCH AIM ..................................................................................................................................... 15 1.7. REASERCH APPROACH .......................................................................................................................... 16 1.8. THESIS STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 18 2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 19 2.3. CASE STUDY .......................................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1. Literature review ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.2. Questionnaires .................................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2.1. Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.2.2. Distribution ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.2.3. Advantages and limitations ............................................................................................................ 32 2.3.2.4. Post-stratification ........................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.2.5. Changing ......................................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.2.6. New variables ................................................................................................................................. 35 2.3.2.7. Table of frequencies and graphs .................................................................................................... 36 2.3.2.8. Mean value ..................................................................................................................................... 36 2.3.2.9. Pearson Chi-square test .................................................................................................................. 37 2.3.3. Positionality ....................................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: A LITERATURE REVIEW ................... 40 3.1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................ 41 3.3. DISTRIBUTION ....................................................................................................................................... 42 3.4. RECOGNITION ....................................................................................................................................... 43 i 3.5. PROCEDURE .......................................................................................................................................... 44 3.6. OTHER DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.7. INFLUENCES BETWEEN DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................... 46 3.8 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ................................................................... 47 3.9. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 47 3.10. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 49 CHAPTER 4. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND JUSTICE: LITERATURE TRENDS .................................................... 52 4.1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 52 4.2. GENERAL TRENDS ................................................................................................................................. 52 4.3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND SCALES ....................................................................................... 53 4.4. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND JUSTICE ..................................................................................................... 55 4.5. GOVERNANCE CONTEXTS ..................................................................................................................... 58 4.6. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 60 4.7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDY: CIRCEO NATIONAL PARK, ITALY ......................................................................... 63 5.1. LOCATION ............................................................................................................................................. 63 5.2. HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................ 63 5.3. PARK ENVIRONMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 64 5.3.1. Forest ................................................................................................................................................. 65 5.3.2. Dunes ................................................................................................................................................. 65 5.3.3. Promontory ........................................................................................................................................ 66 5.3.4. Wetlands and lakes ........................................................................................................................... 67 5.3.4.1. Paola or Sabaudia Lake .................................................................................................................. 67 5.3.4.2. Caprolace Lake................................................................................................................................ 68 5.3.4.3. Monaci Lake.................................................................................................................................... 68 5.3.4.4. Fogliano Lake .................................................................................................................................