Building Belonging in Muslim Moscow: Identity and Group Practices in the Post-Soviet Capital Charles Aprile Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of Sociology and Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of the Arts Thesis Advisor: Dr. Maya Nadkarni Swarthmore College ABSTRACT Due to the scale of migration that took place after 1991, Moscow is both an ideal and unique space in studies of race, ethnicity and group identity in the of Post-Soviet sphere. Moscow is unique in its history as the center of the multinational Soviet nation-state, as well as its renewed social and economic centrality to much of the former Soviet Union today. The city's layered and contradictory spaces bear testament to how the changing power relations of post-socialist transition affect the embeddedness of group identity in the city's daily life. Due to this layered past, Moscow has a pronounced lack of ethnic or racial residential segregation. This reality necessitates novel frameworks to explain how social belonging and exclusion are spatially inscribed into Moscow's urban fabric. This study uses historical context and ethnographic, interview and participant-observation among Muslim migrants to understand the mechanisms that reproduce, reify, complicate, and splinter Muslim group identities in the Russian capital. In "migrant markets," the findings of this research indicate how Muslims use the spaces to engage in workplace practices that serve to validate their varied cultural, collective and individual identities. At the same time, the stratified occupational structures in markets serve to reify Russian stereotypes against migrants and categorize them as "other." In observing religious activity in Moscow, this study found a serious disconnect between government-approved religious leaders and their supposed constituencies. Those leaders engage in discourses that seek Muslim inclusion into Russian society, yet themselves exclude working-class migrants from positions ofleadership in their institutions. In response to such dual exclusions, many migrants coalesce into subaltern groups who periodically retreat from the city's public sphere and who perform and take pride their identities. These groups also serve to fulfill migrants' practical needs through grassroots ethnic networks. All the above practices respond to conditions in the social, spatial and historical specificity of present-day Moscow, demonstrating how collective subjectivity and identity are deeply affected by settings of migration. List of Figures Figure 1: Orthodox icon with minaret in the back ........................................................................ 4 Figure 2: Police and worshippers ............................................................................................... 6 Figure 3: Second-floor view of Moskva Shopping Center. ......................................................... 73 Figure 4: Porters at Moskva with numbered uniforms ................................................................ 82 Figure 5: Store in the "Muslim Aisle" ............................................ .. .. ......... .. ................. 87 Figure 6: Ethnic Restaurants at TK Sadovod ...... .. ........... ..... .. .. .. ......... .. ........... ..............89 Figure 7: Iftar at the Memorial Mosque ................... ........... ......... .. ........... ........... .......... 98 Figure 8: Warm-up at Moscow "Alish" ..................... ......... .. ...................... ......... .. ........ 109 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction: Framing Belonging in Moscow .............................................................................................................. 4 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Histortcal Context ........................................................................................................................................... 19 How Soviet Policy Constructed Nationality ........................................................................................................... 21 Migration and Urbanization in the USSR ................................................................................................................ 28 Moscow ................................................................................................................................................................................. 31 Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Russia ..................................................................................................................... 36 Islam and the Russian State .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Making Sense of Past and Present ............................................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 3: Theoretical Context ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Group Identity and the Mechanisms of Belonging .............................................................................................. 46 Cities and Global Migration .......................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 4: Markets and Practices of Group Identity............................................................................................... 67 The Emergence of "Migrant" Commercial Spaces in Russia ........................................................................... 70 Organized Informality..................................................................................................................................................... 7 6 Institutionalized Practices of Difference ................................................................................................................. 81 Collective Identity Formation and Solidarity ........................................................................................................ 85 Conclusion: Markets and Post-Socialist Life in the Age of Diversity ........................................................... 90 Chapter 5: Ethnic and Religious Publics and Counter Publics ............................................................................ 92 A Typical Iftar Evening ................................................................................................................................................... 97 Hegemonic Multiculturalism and the Muslim Moral Public ............................................................................ 98 The MosDUMYouth Group ........................................................................................................................................ 104 Moskva Alish: A Kyrgyz Male Counterpublic ..................................................................................................... 107 Conclusions: Group Identity and the Post-Socialist City .................................................................................... 115 Summary of Main Findings ........................................................................................................................................ 116 Publics, Urban Marginality and Post-Soviet Legacies ..................................................................................... 120 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................................... 124 2 Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my many subjects, as this work would have not been possible without their help, incredible hospitality and patience. The idea of this work first came during a semester abroad with the IHP: Cities of the 21 st Century program. I would like to thank Dr. Carmen Medeiros and Dr. Juan Arbona for stimulating my existing passion for the everyday life of cities and helping me gain important conceptual tools in the study of urban marginality. Research for this thesis was conducted over two summers. I would like to thank the Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program, director Dr. Anthony Foy and my mentor Dr. Tariq al-Jamil for providing me with the opportunity to pursue this research interest. My first summer of background research was done at the University of Chicago's Summer Research Training program, where I was greatly assisted in my writing and literature review by Christopher Todd, a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of History. In Moscow, I participated in the School of Russian and Asian Studies and was hosted by Moscow State University' Department of Philology. My research in Moscow was greatly facilitated by the help and advice of numerous