MA299-024-00-00 Doc. ver.: 1.4 M16C v3.0 C Compiler, Assembler, Linker User's Guide A publication of Altium BV Documentation Department Copyright 2002-2004 Altium BV All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or part is prohibited without the written consent of the copyright owner. TASKING is a brand name of Altium Limited. The following trademarks are acknowledged: FLEXlm is a registered trademark of Globetrotter Software, Inc. Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Motorola is a registered trademark of Motorola, Inc. MS-DOS and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. SUN is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open Company, Ltd. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Data subject to alteration without notice. http://www.tasking.com http://www.altium.com The information in this document has been carefully reviewed and is believed to be accurate and reliable. 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CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS IV User's Guide CONTENTS CONTENTS Table of Contents V SOFTWARE INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION 1-1 1.1 Introduction . 1-3 1.2 Software Installation . 1-3 1.2.1 Installation for Windows . 1-3 1.2.2 Installation for Linux . 1-4 1.2.3 Installation for UNIX Hosts . 1-6 1.3 Software Configuration . 1-7 1.3.1 Configuring the Embedded Development Environment 1-7 1.3.2 Configuring the Command Line Environment . 1-9 1.4 Licensing TASKING Products . 1-12 1.4.1 Obtaining License Information . 1-12 1.4.2 Installing Node-Locked Licenses . 1-13 1.4.3 Installing Floating Licenses . 1-14 1.4.4 Starting the License Daemon . 1-16 1.4.5 Setting Up the License Daemon to Run Automatically . 1-17 1.4.6 Modifying the License File Location . 1-18 1.4.7 How to Determine the Hostid . 1-19 1.4.8 How to Determine the Hostname . 1-20 GETTING STARTED 2-1 2.1 Introduction . 2-3 2.2 Working With Projects in EDE . 2-7 2.3 Start EDE . 2-8 2.4 Using the Sample Projects . 2-9 2.5 Create a New Project Space with a Project . 2-10 2.6 Set Options for the Tools in the Toolchain . 2-14 2.7 Build your Application . 2-17 2.8 How to Build Your Application on the Command Line 2-18 2.9 Debug getstart.elf . 2-19 C LANGUAGE 3-1 3.1 Introduction . 3-3 3.2 Programming Strategies . 3-4 •••••••• VI User's Guide 3.2.1 Memory Spaces . 3-4 3.2.2 Bit Programming . 3-6 3.2.3 Floating-Point . 3-7 3.2.4 General Optimization Tips . 3-8 3.3 Data Types . 3-10 3.4 Memory Qualifiers . 3-12 3.4.1 Memory Type Qualifiers . 3-13 3.4.2 Accessing Peripherals from C: __sfr . 3-15 3.4.3 Declare a Data Object at an Absolute Address: __at() . 3-18 3.5 Memory Models . 3-19 3.6 Using Assembly in the C Source: __asm() . 3-20 3.7 Controlling the Compiler: Pragmas . 3-27 3.8 Predefined Macros . 3-28 3.9 Initialized Variables . 3-30 3.10 Strings . 3-30 3.11 Switch Statement . 3-31 3.12 Functions . 3-32 3.12.1 Parameter Passing . 3-32 3.12.2 Function Return Types . 3-33 3.12.3 Inlining Functions: inline . 3-34 3.12.4 Intrinsic Functions . 3-36 3.12.5 Calling Assembly Functions: __asmfunc . 3-37 3.12.6 Interrupt Functions . 3-38 3.12.6.1 Defining an Interrupt Service Routine: __interrupt() . 3-39 3.12.6.2 Register Bank Switching: __bankswitch . 3-40 3.12.6.3 Interrupt Frame: __frame() . 3-41 3.13 Section Naming . 3-42 3.14 Libraries . 3-44 3.14.1 Overview of Libraries . 3-44 3.14.2 Printf and Scanf Formatting Routines . 3-45 3.14.3 Rebuilding Libraries . 3-46 3.15 Converting C Modules to ISO C99 . 3-47 CONTENTS Table of Contents VII ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 4-1 4.1 Introduction . 4-3 4.2 Assembly Syntax . 4-3 4.3 Assembler Significant Characters . 4-4 4.4 Operands of an Assembly Instruction . 4-5 4.5 Symbol Names . 4-6 4.6 Assembly Expressions . 4-7 4.6.1 Numeric Constants . 4-8 4.6.2 Strings . 4-8 4.6.3 Expression Operators . 4-9 4.7 Built-in Assembly Functions . 4-11 4.8 Assembler Directives and Controls . 4-13 4.8.1 Overview of Assembler Directives . 4-14 4.8.2 Overview of Assembler Controls . 4-16 4.9 Working with Sections . 4-17 4.10 Macro Operations . 4-19 4.10.1 Defining a Macro . 4-19 4.10.2 Calling a Macro . 4-21 4.10.3 Using Operators for Macro Arguments . 4-22 4.10.4 Using the DUP, DUPA, DUPC, DUPF Directives as Macros . 4-26 4.10.5 Conditional Assembly: IF, ELIF and ELSE Directives . 4-26 USING THE COMPILER 5-1 5.1 Introduction . 5-3 5.2 Compilation Process . 5-4 5.3 Compiler Optimizations . 5-5 5.3.1 Optimize for Size or Speed . 5-9 5.4 Calling the Compiler . 5-10 5.5 How the Compiler Searches Include Files . 5-15 5.6 Compiling for Debugging . 5-15 5.7 C Code Checking: MISRA C . 5-16 5.8 C Compiler Error Messages . 5-18 •••••••• VIII User's Guide USING THE ASSEMBLER 6-1 6.1 Introduction . 6-3 6.2 Assembly Process . 6-3 6.3 Assembler Optimizations . 6-4 6.4 Calling the Assembler . 6-5 6.5 How the Assembler Searches Include Files . 6-8 6.6 Generating a List File . 6-8 6.7 Assembler Error Messages . 6-9 USING THE LINKER 7-1 7.1 Introduction . 7-3 7.2 Linking Process . 7-4 7.2.1 Phase 1: Linking . 7-6 7.2.2 Phase 2: Locating . 7-7 7.2.3 Linker Optimizations . 7-9 7.3 Calling the Linker . 7-11 7.4 Linking with Libraries . 7-14 7.4.1 Specifying Libraries to the Linker . 7-15 7.4.2 How the Linker Searches Libraries . 7-16 7.4.3 How the Linker Extracts Objects from Libraries . 7-17 7.5 Incremental Linking . 7-18 7.6 Controlling the Linker with a Script . 7-19 7.6.1 Purpose of the Linker Script Language . 7-19 7.6.2 EDE and LSL . 7-20 7.6.3 Structure of a Linker Script File . 7-21 7.6.4 The Architecture Definition . ..