Oxford Studies in European Law General Editors: Paul Craig and Graı´nne de Burca THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF EU AGREEMENTS This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] Oxford Studies in European Law Series Editors: Paul Craig, Professor of English Law at St John’s College, Oxford and Gra´inne de Burca, Professor of Law at New York University School of Law The aim of this series is to publish important and original research on EU law. The focus is on scholarly monographs, with a particular emphasis on those which are interdisciplinary in nature. Edited collections of essays will also be included where they are appropriate. The series is wide in scope and aims to cover studies of particular areas of substantive and of institutional law, historical works, theoretical studies, and analyses of current debates, as well as questions of perennial interest such as the relationship between national and EU law and the novel forms of governance emerging in and beyond Europe. The fact that many of the works are interdisciplinary will make the series of interest to all those concerned with the governance and operation of the EU. European Law and New Health Technologies Edited by Mark L Flear, Anne-Maree Farrell, Tamara K Hervey, and The´re`se Murphy The Enforcement of EU Law The Role of the European Commission Stine Andersen European Agencies Law and Practice of Accountability Madalina Busuioc The Foundations of European Union Competition Law The Objective and Principles of Article 102 Renato Nazzini The Emergence of EU Contract Law Exploring Europeanization Lucinda Miller Participation in EU Rule-making A Rights-Based Approach Joana Mendes Regulating Cartels in Europe Second Edition Christopher Harding, Julian Joshua Religion and the Public Order of the European Union Ronan McCrea Governing Social Inclusion Europeanization through Policy Coordination Kenneth A. Armstrong Judicial Control in the European Union Reforming Jurisdiction in the Intergovernmental Pillars Alicia Hinarejos EU Counter-Terrorist Policies and Fundamental Rights The Case of Individual Sanctions Christina Eckes From Dual to Cooperative Federalism The Changing Structure of European Law Robert Schu¨tze Conflicts of Rights in the European Union A Theory of Supranational Adjudication Aida Torres Pe´rez This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] The Legal Effects of EU Agreements Maximalist Treaty Enforcement and Judicial Avoidance Techniques MARIO MENDEZ 1 This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # M. Mendez, 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. 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This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] Para mis padres This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] This page intentionally left blank This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] PREFACE Mario Mendez has written an engaging and informative account of the legal effect accorded by the European Court of Justice to international agree- ments concluded by the EU. Certain aspects of this subject have attracted a great deal of attention from both scholars and practitioners over the years, such as the legal effects of the GATT and WTO agreements in EU law. Mendez’s book however tackles the broader subject of the legal effects accorded by the Court to all manner of EU-concluded agreements, and places the GATT/WTO case law in this wider context. The book begins, after reflecting on the importance of treaties as a source of law today, with a context-setting discussion of the ways in which domes- tic courts have generally treated the legal effect of international agreements. Eschewing the familiar but often confusing terminology of monism and dualism, Mendez identifies two broad judicial approaches to international treaties which he terms automatic incorporation, and non-automatic incorporation. He then looks at the foundational cases in which the Court of Justice articulated its approach to the legal effect of international agreements. He moves on in the core three chapters of the book to identify the approach which the Court has taken to international agreements in three broad fields: those of (a) association, cooperation, partnership, and trade agreements (b) the GATT/WTO agreements, and (c) other non-trade agreements. What emerges is a picture of a variegated set of strategies on the part of the Court: using an automatic incorporation (and ‘maximal enforcement’) approach in some circumstances, and techniques for judicial avoidance in others. The crucial distinction, it emerges, between the cases in which the Court adopts a maximalist enforcement approach, and those in which it uses techniques of judicial avoidance, is whether or not the case involves a challenge to Member State action as compared with EU action. Mendez has written a valuable book, based on a substantial data set of European Court case law, which includes thorough discussion and appraisal of the case law of the Court of Justice in this important field. In additional to marshalling and analyzing this useful empirical body of case law, the This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] viii Preface book provides a deft and authoritative evaluation and critique of the Court’s approach to international treaties over the years. This book should be of interest to students, scholars, and practitioners of EU law alike, and to all of those interested in this aspect of the European Court’s contribution to the EU’s emergence as a global actor. Paul Craig Gra´inne de Burca This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited.