International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications ISSN (Online): 2581-6187 Characteristics of Hydrochemical to Determine Reservoir Temperature Banda Baru Area, Amahai District, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province 1 1 1 1 Claudia Natalia Noya , Agus Didit Haryanto , Johanes Hutabarat , Dewi Gentana 1Faculty of Geological Engineering, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia Email address: claudia17003 @ mail.unpad.ac.id Abstract— The research area is located in Banda Baru Village, Baru Village Area, Amahai District, Central Maluku Regency, Amahai District, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province. This Maluku Province. Geographically, the research area is located area has surface geothermal manifestations in the form of hot at coordinates 129°4'30"–129°6'30" East Longitude and springs, steaming ground, sintered carbonate deposits (travertine), 3°11'30"3°13'30" South Latitude with an area of about 15 km mud pools, and steam-heated water. The research objective was to determine the type, physical characteristics, and chemical X 20 km (Fig. 1). This area was chosen to be the research area characteristics as well as the estimated geothermal subsurface because it has geothermal manifestations which indicate that it temperature in the research area. The research method used two has the potential to be developed later. methods, namely field observations and data processing including The purpose of the research to determine the type, physical data analysis based on the chemical laboratory results of hot and properties, and chemical characteristics of geothermal fluids cold spring samples. Plotting results of the Cl-SO4-HCO3 ratio from (type, origin, equilibrium or reservoir condition), and also hot springs (MAP BB-1, MAP BB-2, MAP BB-3, MAP BB-4, MAP reservoir temperature estimation. BB-5) and cold springs (MAD BB-1, MAD BB-2) shows the type of The research method used two, namely field observations bicarbonate of water in the peripheral water condition. Plotting the and data processing including data analysis based on the Cl-Li-B ratio of hot springs (MAP BB-1, MAP BB-2, MAP BB-3, MAP BB-4, MAP BB-5) and cold springs (MAD BB-1, MAD BB-2) is chemical laboratory results of hot and cold spring samples. in the condition of absorption of high B/Cl steam. Plotting the Na-K- Mg ratio shows MAP BB-1, MAP BB-2, MAD BB-1, and MAD BB-2 as immature waters, while MAP BB-3, MAP BB-4, and MAP BB-5 in partial equilibrium conditions. The results of calculations using the thermal water geothermometer equation, it is estimated that the subsurface temperature of the research area ranges: 96°C124°C (Silica maximum steam loss equation), 95°C127°C (Silica no steam loss equation), 135°C191°C (Na-K equation). Keywords— Banda Baru, Geothermal Manifestation, Geothermal Water Characteristics, Water Geothermometer, Subsurface Temperature. I. INTRODUCTION Indonesia has enormous geothermal potential because Indonesia is one of the countries that is passed by the ring of fire. Based on Vulcanology Center and Geological Disaster Mitigation, Indonesia has 127 active volcanoes. Around 40% or 29.000 MW of the world's total Fig. 1. Location of the research area geothermal energy is in Indonesia because Indonesia is a (Part map of Indonesia Earth Sheet Ambon 2612 and Sheet Masohi 2712) country that has high volcanic potential (Wahyuni, 2012). Based on PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE) in the 2019 II. LITERATURE REVIEW Integrated Annual Report, the potential for energy resources A. Regional Geology from Indonesia's geothermal energy reaches around 25 GW Regional Geomorphology spread across 349 points throughout Indonesia. Of the total Based on the classification of the Deusaunnetes system, potential, the total installed capacity has reached 2.132 MW 1977 (Todd, 1980) based on the large percentage of slope and and as many as 15.128 MW, of which have been identified as different relief height of a place, the Seram Island area is potential reserves that are ready to be developed. divided into four geomorphologies, namely: Maluku Province is one of the archipelagic provinces 1. Plain Morphological Unit, has a slope percentage of 0-2%. where most of its geothermal potential is associated with non- 2. Weak Corrugated Morphological Unit, has a slope volcanic geological environments, one of which is the Banda percentage of between 2-8%. 36 Claudia Natalia Noya, Agus Didit Haryanto, Johanes Hutabarat, and Dewi Gentana, “Characteristics of Hydrochemical to Determine Reservoir Temperature Banda Baru Area, Amahai District, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province,” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications (IJMRAP), Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 36-40, 2021. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications ISSN (Online): 2581-6187 3. Strong Corrugated Morphological Unit, has a slope Complex, and all other formations of Permian – Late percentage of 8-16%. Tertiary Age. 4. The Karst Corrugated Morphological Unit, has a slope Maluku regional tectonic activity has a role in the percentage of 16-74%. development of geological structures in the research area, in The shape of the landscape in the research area, namely the the form of a northwest-southeast trending fault structure, the Banda Baru Village area, Amahai District, Central Maluku dominant type of which is a right-hand horizontal fault Regency, forms a steep morphological distribution with high (dextral horizontal fault) which is the oldest fault resulting in a peaks (strong wavy hills). The morphology is found in the shift in the previously formed lithology. In addition, the northern and southern parts of the research area, which are northwest-southeast trending fault has a left movement dominated by schist rocks. Meanwhile, in the middle part of (sinistral horizontal fault) which affects the emergence of the research area, it forms weak wavy hills to plains (Fadhlan, Banda Baru hot springs and has a different period from other M., 2011). northwest-southeast trending faults. Then a southwest- Regional Stratigraphy northeast trending fault was formed, which is a horizontal Based on the Regional Geological Map of Sheet Masohi, fault that generally has a left shift (sinistral horizontal fault) Maluku (Tjokrosapoetro, S., et al., 1993), the research area is and an oblique fault which is formed as a normal horizontal composed of two (2) groups of rock units (Fig. 2): fault that has a left movement (Munandar, R., et al., 2013). 1. Tehoru Complex (PTRt) B. Geothermal System Consists of metamorphic rock with green schist facies, namely; phyllite, slate, schist, psammite, and marbled The geothermal system formed in the earth's crust has 5 limestone. The rocks of the Tehoru Complex (PTRt) of the (five) main components, namely: Permian-Triassic age are found in the north and south of 1. Heat Source the research area. The formation of geothermal sources requires heat which 2. Alluvium (Qa) will form a hydrothermal fluid cycle in the form of a Consists of silt, sand, and gravel, Quaternary age, located comparison of steam and hot water, where the hot mass in the western part of the research area can be in the form of solid hot mass, liquid hot mass, radioactive mineral hot mass, chemical reactions (exothermic). 2. Geothermal Fluid Geothermal fluid is a phase consisting of a mixture of steam and water, which becomes hot due to the convection process from the reservoir zone to the fluid and surrounding rock through which the fluid passes. 3. Reservoir Rock Reservoir rock, namely rock located as a place for accumulation of geothermal fluid (steam, thermal water). 4. Caprock Caprock is a zone that has not passed or waterproof (impermeable) or low permeability compiled by various types of rocks and is above the reservoir rock, serves to prevent convection heat to the fluid reservoir beyond the surface. 5. Permeability Fig. 2. Regional Sheet of Masohi, Maluku (Tjokrosapoetro, S., et al., 1993) Permeability is the ability of rocks to be able to pass one type of fluid if two types of fluids do not mix with each Regional Geological Structure other (Peng, Suping, and Zhang, Jincai, 2007). Based on the geological map (Maluku, Masohi Sheet - C. Geochemistry of Thermal Water P3G 1993), Central Maluku Regency, the geological structures Types of Thermal Water that developed in this area are: Nicholson (1993) divided the types of thermal water 1. Folds in the form of anticline and syncline involving the based on the dominant anion content, namely Cl, SO , and Manusela formation, trending East-West. 4 HCO anions. 2. The Thrust Fault which controls the core of Central 3 1. Chloride water is a type of deep geothermal fluid, Maluku Regency involves the Tehoru Complex, Sahu generally found in high-temperature geothermal systems. Complex, Kanikeh Formation, Taunusa Complex, and Hot springs with chloride water type have high- Wahai Formation, also in an east-west direction and curved temperature, large discharge, high CI/SO ratio, pH 5-9, convex to the North. 4 and high chloride content that comes directly from the 3. The Southeast–Northwest and Northeast–Southwest Faults, reservoir. involving the Taunusa Complex, Tehoru Complex, Sahu 37 Claudia Natalia Noya, Agus Didit Haryanto, Johanes Hutabarat, and Dewi Gentana, “Characteristics of Hydrochemical to Determine Reservoir Temperature Banda Baru Area, Amahai District, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province,” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications (IJMRAP), Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 36-41, 2021. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications ISSN (Online): 2581-6187 2. Sulphate water is a type of geothermal fluid that is formed geothermometers used as parameters for determining the due to the condensation of geothermal gases in surface temperature or reservoir temperature are as follows: water. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) contained in the hot steam 1. Silica Geothermometer undergoes oxidation to become sulphate. Silica geothermometers are made based on the solubility of 3. Bicarbonate of water is a type of geothermal fluid that is various types of silica in water as a function of temperature formed due to the condensation of steam and gases into determined by simulation/experiment.