standing Proud The Stories of Ten Women Candidates for the 1997 Local Elections of Nepal Copyright: O The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 1998. A11 rights resewed. Portions of this work may be reproduced and/or translated for non-commercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materials and is sent copies of any trandation. This publication was made possible through suppolt provided by USAID/Nepal under the tens of Grant No. 367-G-00-97-00002-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the editors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U. S. Agency of International Development. Cover Design: The Cover design includes "Electing Women," an original print commissioned by NDI and produced by the Janakpur Women's Development Center (JWDC) in Nepal. This original artwork is reprinted with pe:rmission tiom the JWDC, a women's art ~ollecti~~ewhich designs and produces a variety of traditional arts and crafts in the local Mithali style. (For more information. contact: JWDC. Kuwa Village. Janakpur Municipality. Dhanusha District, Nepal.) For additional copies of this book, contact NDI at : The National Democratic Institute The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs for International Affairs 17 17 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Heritage Plaza Suite 503 Fowth Floor Washington, DC 20036 PO Box 4824 USA Karnaladi (202) 328-3 136 Kathmandu, Nepal e-mail: [email protected] (977-1 -248-628) (977-1-247-485 ext. 29 and 30) The National Democratic Institute e-mail: [email protected] for International Affairs The Rhino Club Building Second Floor Lila Chowk Narayangarh. Chitwan, Nepal (977-56-22527) (977-56-21 998) e-mail: [email protected] Computer Setting: Rohini Acharya, P.O.Box 17, Araryangarh. Tel: 21 240, 22667 Printed at: Indreni Ofset Press, Bagbazar, Kathmandu. Tef; 225954 Acknowledgments The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) would like to express special thanks to all of the individuals involved in completing this "tracking study" project. First, the Institute would like to thank the ten women included in this study and the other individuals associated with them who participated in the interviews. Without the contributions and courageous acts of these women, there would have been no stories to record and tell. NDI would also like to acknowledge the hard work of NDI Field Representatives Michael Tajchrnan and Elizabeth Zervos. Tajchrnan is the principal writer of the study who &anslated these ten women's experiences directly into the text of this book. He also headed up the NDI team of local staff during the interviews with each of the ten women candidates. Zervos devised the questionnaire guide. Additionally, NDI recognizes the important contributions of two local NDI staff people in this project, Krishna Gurung and Deepak Khanal. Gurung was the chief interviewer '- during the meetings with the women candidates. Khanal assisted greatly in the translation of text from local languages to English. , The Institute also wishes to acknowledge the efforts of the chief editor of this book, NDI South Asia Representative Maryam Montague. NDI also recognizes that it was Montague who originally proposed that the Institute take on such a unique project. NDI Program Assistant Sarah Lucey and Peace Corps Volunteer Emily Searcy also made contributions to this project by helping to steer these ten chapters through the editing process. Finally, NDI would like to acknowledge the help received from each of the 17 hard working district coordinators who identified and "tracked" nearly 40 women candidates durin,; the 1997 local elections. This was the first step in selecting and identifying the ten women who are included in this book. Many of these district coordinators volrmeered their time and asisted with the interviews by organizing the logistics and attending the interviews. NDI wishes to thank each of them for their efforts: Heera Neupane, Ghuran Chaudhary, hdra Rai, Geeta Shrestha, Kamala Karki, , Shrijana Pokhrel, Shabnam Giri, Meena :Shah, Amb~kaDhungana, Bisheswori Shah, Sita Manahandhar, Pushpalata Paudel, Nirmala Shrestha, Samjhana Chaudhary, Sindu Jalesa, Miru Pun and Sabita Shakya. Table of Contents Chapter Page Acknowledgments.............................................................. I11 Introduction........................................................................ VII Political Party Background............................................... XI11 Rukmani Gauwali No Time to Worry .................................................. Pushpa Paudel The Second Time.................................................... Sharda Devi Gupta United by Politics, Divided by Party ...................... Meena Devi Mishra Positively Independent .......................................... Meena Rana Magar Uncle! Uncle!........ .. .... .. - -... Inu Adhikari Her Father 's Daughter...... .. ............. ... .. .. Geeta Ghimre The Tea Stall Politician......................................... Ranu Adhikari Ran u 's Song of Freedom ......................... ............. Meena Devi Bbattarai A Woman 's Place ................................................... Benami Devi Chaudhary Every woman...... ...... ............................. ...... .. .. ... .. Conclusion........................................................................ 153 Tips for Candidates......................................................... 155 Glossary of Nepali Terms................................................ 161 Map of Nepal .................................................................... 167 Introduction Included in this book are the stories of ten women, each of whom ran for office during the 1997 local elections in Nepal. As individuals, their stories are all unique; each one has a different starting place. The stories of these women and The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) intersected when NDI launched a program to train women candidates and their staff in Nepal. Funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), NDI created a program called Promoting Women's Political Participation (PWPP). The PWPP was conducted in eight districts of the Tarai region of Nepal starting in December of 1996. NDI Field Representatives Michael Tajchman and Elizabeth Zervos, along with numerous Nepali staff members and supporters, organized a program that swelled into a large campaign by the time the local elections were held in May of 1997. However, as one woman included in this book explained, "For a woman to enter politics, is to enter the World of the Male." But actually for many women, the situation is far more grave than this. In many cases, for a womh to simply leave the house is to enter the World of the Male, a place that is off limits and culturally forbidden. Hence, all ' of NDI's PWPP was completed in a very socially conservative environment. NDI employed an unusual strategy to train women candidates. By March 1997, with assistance from Veena Nayyar, the president of Women's Political Watch-India, and numerous other women and men who served as trainers, NDI trained nearly 90 women to conduct training programs for women candidates on topics such as campaign strategy, public speaking and voter contact. NDI had invited and trained two women from each political party, in each of the eight NDI target districts. These women, in turn, trained women candidates fiom their omparties in their h,ome districts. In total, nearly 4,000 women were trained by NDI: in the eight districts through cooperation with the district level political parties in the region. Additionally, NDI produced and distributed more than 39,000 campaign mandls for women candidates and more than 30,000 posters designed to increase public awareness of womec's involvement in the elections. Just alter the NDI program started training women candidates, the government changed, and a royal ordinance was passed that stipulated that approximately 20% of the elected seats in local government be reserved for women. Similar legislation reserving seats for women (33% in all local bodies) had already been in effect in neighboring India for several years. In Nepal, at the most fundamental and 1oca.l level of government, the Village Development Committee (VDC), there are nine wards. There are five elected officials, including one ward president and four ward members, who represent each ward2. Following the ordinance, one of the ward member seats was reserved for women, meaning that only women could run for that particular seat. The reservation is a minimum only; many women attained tickets and ran for other "open" seats as well, such as ward president, ward member (not reserved) and VDC president and vice president. In the previous local elections in 1992, less than 1% of all elected seats in Nepal were held by women. However, boosted greatly by '-4 VDC ward typically has a population of several hundred people, whereas several thousand people typically live in. a municipality ward. the ordinance, during the 1997 elections, -an estimated 36,000 women were elected to local office. When NDI set out to conduct this program, eight districts in the Tarai were chosen because the cultural barriers against women's involvement in politics are particularly strong in this region. In other words. NDI (and USAID) believed that the need was especially great in this part of the country. Although Nepal i; most famous for the high Himalaya, Sherpas and Gorkhas, equally important is the Tarai,