CONTENTS “TUNNEL SAFETY AND VENTILATION” Graz, Mai 12 - 13, 2014 Preface Implementation of the EU Directive on Minimum Safety Requirements for Tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network - Status Report 1 S. WIESHOLZER; BMVIT, Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, Vienna, A How Frequent are Fires in Tunnels – Analysis from Austrian Tunnel Incident Statistics 5 G. RATTEI; ASFINAG, A A. LENTZ, B. KOHL; ILF Consulting Engineers, Linz, A Technical Trade-Offs Using Fixed Fire Fighting Systems 12 H. INGASON, Y.Z LI; SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SE With High Speed to a Safe Emergency Handling - Vienna - St. Pölten Tunnel High-Speed Line 20 F. DIERNHOFER1, C. SOMMERLECHNER2, B. FÖSSLEITNER2; 1ILF Consulting Engineers, A, 2ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, A Upgrading Existing TERN Road Tunnels to Current Needs, Taking the Arlbergtunnel as an Example 28 M. BACHER, P.J. STURM; Graz University of Technology, A Control of the Tunnel-Ventilation System in the Northern Link (Norra Länken) in Stockholm 38 L. ELERTSON; Swedish Transport Administration, SE Automatic Responses when Something Happens: What Should Be Implemented in the Future 44 T.T. ARALT; Multiconsult AS, N Safety Integrated: How much Safety Lies within Tunnel Automation? 50 R. RAFFEINER, T. PFEIFFER; Siemens AG, A Monitoring Centres - A Developmental Journey into the Next Decade 58 A. WALTL; ASTL, A P. REITER; AutomationX, A Real-Time Estimation of Heat Release Rates in Tunnel Fires 65 I. NAKAHORI.1, T. SAKAGUCHI.1, A. NAKANO1, A. MITANI 1, A.E. VARDY2; 1Sohatsu Systems Laboratory Inc., JPN; 2University of Dundee, UK Provisions for Reliable and Effective Smoke Detection in Road Tunnels 75 R. BUCHMANN, R.RUCKSTUHL; Pöyry Switzerland Ltd, Zurich, CH A Unique Technology for Early Fire Detection in Tunnel Environments 83 E. RIEMER, C. ROMNÄS; SENTIO by Firefly, Stockholm, SE Early Fire Detection in Swiss Road Tunnels with more than 1’500 FireGuard Sensors 87 W.W. SCHULDT; Sigrist-Photometer AG, CH Airflow Measurement in Road Tunnels 94 U. GRÄSSLIN, U. DROST, GP NODIROLI.; Lombardi Engineering Ltd, Minusio, CH Analysis of a 10 MW Fire in an Underground Railway Station using Full Scale Tests and CFD 102 J. RODLER1, A. BASSLER2, E. SCHNELL2; 1Gruner GmbH Consulting Engineers, 2Austria, Gruner AG Air Barriers used for Separating Smoke Free Zones in Case of Fire in Tunnel 110 G. KRAJEWSKI; Building Research Institute Fire Research Department, PL Evaluating Smoke Recirculation Potential at the Portal of a Swiss Road Tunnel in Case of a Fire 118 R. YOUSAF, S. GEHRIG, R. BUCHMANN; Pöyry Switzerland Ltd, Zürich, CH The Effect of Fixed Smoke Barriers on Evacuation Environment in Road Tunnel Fires with Natural Ventilation 126 M. SEIKE1, N. KAWABATA2, M. HASEGAWA2; 1Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, JPN 2Kanazawa University, JPN Study for Safety at a Relatively Short Tunnel when a Tunnel Fire Occurred 133 Y. MIKAME1,2, N. KAWABATA1, M. SEIKE1, M. HASEGAWA1; 1Kanazawa University, 2Metropolitan Expressway Company Ltd., JPN; Effectiveness of Implementation Draught Relief Shaft in Subway Railway Tunnels 140 S. SHAHRYARI, H. DASHTI, K. DAMIRCHI; MAPNA Group, Tehran, Iran Standardizing the Technical and Structural Specification of Doors in Tunnels 148 D. ZIERL, K. LIEBWALD, L. ROSSBACHER; ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG, Engineering Services, A Folgoso Tunnel Refurbishment Works: Features and Challenges 156 F. PORTUGUES3, J.M. PIRIS1, J. ALONSO2, M. TOBAR4, L. GOMEZ2, L.M. GONZALO3; 1Spanish Ministry of Public Works, 2Tecpro Ingeniería Civil SL, 3Geocontrol S.A., 4COPASA, E Fire, Risk and Project Governance 164 C.H.B. STACEY; Stacey Agnew Pty Ltd, AUS Upgrading of the Austrian Tunnel Risk Model TuRisMo – Methodical and Practical Aspects 170 B. KOHL, C. FORSTER; ILF Consulting Engineers, Linz, A S. WIESHOLZER; BMVIT Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, Vienna, A Development of a Risk Assessment Method for Fire in Rail Tunnels 180 B. v. WEYENBERGE1,2, X. DECKERS1,2; 1Fire Engineered Solutions Ghent, BE, 2Ghent University, BE Fixed Firefighting Systems in Road Tunnels - General Requirements and Capabilities 190 A. WIERER, S. SPERLING, M. PATIGLER; ASFINAG Bau Management GmbH, A Improving Ventilation and Passive Protection with FFFS 195 R. ROTHE; IFAB, Berlin, D M. LAKKONEN, D. SPRAKEL; FOGTEC Fire Protection, Cologne, D Comparison of Deluge and Water Mist Systems from a Performance and Practical Point of View 203 M. LAKKONEN, D. SPRAKEL, D. A. FELTMANN; FOGTEC Fire Protection, D Ventilation and Escape Facilities for Short Cut-and-Cover Urban Tunnels 213 M. BETTELINI, S. RIGERT; Amberg Engineering Ltd., Regensdorf-Watt, CH High Temperature Testing and Certification of Fans for Tunnel Ventilation 221 F.v.VEMDEN; ZITRON Nederland, NL European Directive: Guidelines for Tunnel Safety Officers in the French Context 229 A. PICARD; APRR Groupe, F Increased Tunnel Availability through Model Based Decision Support 234 D.C. OERLEMANS, E.W. WORM; Covalent Infra Technology Solutions, Amersfoort, NL Risk Based Maintenance in Swiss Road Tunnels - Analysis, Findings and Implementations 242 L.D. MELLERT, M. ZBINDEN, U. WELTE; Amstein + Walthert Progress AG, CH On the Four Elements of Tunnel Safety: Fire, Air, Water and Earth 250 R. BRANDT; HBI Haerter, Zürich, CH POSTERPRESENTATIONS Transition of Japanese Road Tunnels Ventilation and Smoke Exhaust in Tunnel Fires 257 M. YAMADA1,2, N. KAWABATA1, T. KIKUMOTO2; 1Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, 2Echoplan Company Ltd, JPN Influence of Fires on - Air Velocity Measurements at Downstream Measurement Locations 265 M. RAFIEI, P.J. STURM; Graz University of Technology, A PREFACE Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Participants, In 2002, the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics organized an International Conference on Tunnel Safety and Ventilation. The aim of that conference was to provide a forum for information exchange among operators, users, technicians, scientists and companies involved in the design, construction and equipping of road and rail tunnels. The success of the 2002 conference led to the organization of biennial follow up meetings. Each conference has been accompanied by an exhibition, and each year, like the conference itself, the exhibition has grown. The success of the exhibitions has forced us to leave the confines of our University campus and to move to the roomier facilities of the trade fair centre. Our interests and focus have also changed and this is reflected in our topics. The first conferences were strongly influenced by the tunnel incidents of the late 1990’s and related safety issues. Nowadays road tunnel operation, the conflict between the needs for upgrading existing road tunnels and requirements given in a legal framework dominate. Traffic is increasing, at both a national as well as an international level. Thus, while in densely populated areas there is much greater demand for sub-surface transportation, in rural areas there is an increasing need to upgrade the road infrastructure. The implementation of the EU Directive on the minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the trans-European road network (2004/54/EC) forced many of the tunnel operators to upgrade the existing tunnels. Many of the existing tunnels (i.e. those 20 to 30 years old), are currently being refurbished and upgraded by the addition of a second tunnel tube. The upgrading process as well as the construction of second tubes constitutes a big challenge in practice, as – in contrast to new tunnel construction – several prevailing structures and systems act as constraints and have to be taken into consideration in planning. There is also the additional need to ensure that traffic flow can be maintained throughout the construction period. The question of tunnel safety is a highly controversial field. It is often claimed that several new techniques are now on the market and that these can help improve safety due to quicker and more reliable detection, more efficient installations and/or additional equipment. However, such ‘improvements’ often result in significant increases in complexity, as well as in the cost of operation and maintenance of the new safety equipment. Cost benefit analyses combined with risk assessment studies provide a valuable tool when attempting to deal with questions of safety at an acceptable cost level. The time is now right for us to discuss what safety standards are required in our tunnels and at what price. We hope that the present conference will be of some value in such a discussion. This conference wouldn’t be the “Graz” conference without the related exhibition. Many companies have put a lot of effort into presenting their latest developments and technologies. Conference participants now have the chance to get into contact with leading companies in the electro-mechanical tunnel business, to establish new contacts, and also to strengthen existing ones. 7thInternational Conference ‘Tunnel Safety and Ventilation’ 2014, Graz Another exciting and distinguishing aspect of the “Graz” conference is its live fire test. This final highlight of the conference will be performed in the Plabutsch Tunnel close to the city of Graz. In fact the conference returns to the location where its first fire test took place in 2004. Many thanks to the tunnel operator ASFiNAG as well as to the rescue forces (fire brigade of the City of Graz, Red Cross and other relevant organizations). Special thanks to Mrs. Dagmar Jäger, Mr. Alois Knoll, Mr. Josef Heschl from ASFiNAG and to Mr. Gerald Wonner from the fire brigade of the City of Graz as well as to Michael Bacher and Thomas Nöst from our Institute for organizing this test. We wish to extend a special thank you to our scientific committee for its valuable work in defining the objectives of this conference, and in selecting the presentations. We also extend our professional thanks to the authors for their hard work in preparing abstracts, papers, posters, and of course their presentations. And finally, we wish to offer our sincere thanks to all the people in the background who have been working to ensure that this will be a smooth, enjoyable and effective conference for us all.