INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscrq>t has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in Qpewriter face, while others may be from aiQf type of computer printer. The qnaliQr of this reproduction is dependent upon the qnali^ of the copy snbmltted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard tnargins, and in^xroper alignment can adverse^ afiect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photogrzq)hs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher qualiQr 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directfy to order. UMJ A Bell & Howell Informaiion Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 POLITICS AND THE NOVEL; A STUDY OF LIANG CH'I-CITAO'S THE FUTURE OF NEW CHINA AND HIS VIEWS ON FICTION DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chun-chi Chen, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1995 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Hao Chang Advisor Yan-shuan Lao Timothy C. Wong Co-Advisor 7 Department of East Asian ' Languages and Literatures UMI Number: 9612159 Copyright 1995 by Chen, Chun-chi All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9612159 Copyright 1996, by OMX Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MX 48103 Copyright by Chun-chi Chen 1995 To My Wife and to the memory of my late brother (1950-1995) 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the years before and during the writing of this dissertation I have become indebted to many teachers and friends. Among them, I must first of all express my gratitude to Professor Timothy C. Wong who has given me guidance, encouragement, and support in every step of writing and revising the manuscript, especially at the final stage of writing while he was busy moving and picking up new administrative responsibilities at another institution. I am deeply grateful to Professor Yan-Shuan Lao, who has shown me what a caring teacher really is, and whose unfailing Sinological erudition as well as valuable suggestions have made this dissertation much more thorough than it was. Special thanks also go to Professor Hao Chang, whose rewarding lectures have always been for me the most enjoyable time at the Ohio State University. The insights of Professor Chang can be discerned throughout this dissertation. I also want to thank Professor Frank Hsueh and Mrs. Daphne Hsueh for their kindness, caring and moral support, which had lifted some of the pressure in writing this dissertation. Several friends have offered intellectual, emotional support and advice, especially after they themselves have gone through the same experience in the final stage of writing dissertation. I especially want to mention Wen-chia You, who read portions of the Introduction in its earliest form and gave me some constructive suggestions. iii To Mr. Tai Lien, of Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University, and Mr. Wan Wei-ying, of the library of the University of Michigan, I owe special thanks for assisting me in finding materials, and for all the convenience and hospitality given me in the two libraries during my visit to Cambridge and Ann Arbor. To Professor Mabel Lee of the School of Asian Studies, University of Sydney, Australia, I am grateful to her for sending me her valuable papers regarding Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and late-Ch'ing fiction. Finally, to my wife, Yeh-uh, who has stayed in Connecticut most of the time by herself taking care of my parents and two young children and supporting our family while I was alway at school, I owe much gratitude for helping me go through the long years in graduate school. This dissertation is dedicated to her and my beloved brother who passed away one month before the completion of this dissertation. IV VITA December 10, 1957 ................................................Bom — Changhwa, Taiwan, R.O.C. 1981 ........................................................................B.A., Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 1983-198 4 .............................................................. Editor & Translator, Highlight Publishing Company, Taipei 1984-198 5 .............................................................. Supervisor, Publishing Department, Highlight Publishing Company, Taipei 1987 ........................................................................ M.A., English Department, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 1992........................................................................ M.A., Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: East Asian Languages and Litertures Traditional Chinese fiction Chinese Bibliography Intellectual History Traditional Chinese Poetry Modem Chinese Fiction TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................... iii VITA........................................................................................................................................ V TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................vi ABBREVIATION..................................................................................................................vii CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 I. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao: The Man and His Literary Thought .......................................................... 41 n. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's Views on Fiction ................................................................................... 77 m . The Future o f New China ................................................................................................123 TV. Ideology and Genre .........................................................................................................169 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................... 199 Glossary...............................................................................................................................212 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 224 VI ABBREVIATION LCCNP Wu T'ien-jen, Min-kuo Liang Jen-kung hsien-sheng Ch'i-ch'ao nien- p'u LNCC Ting Wen-chiang, Liang Jen-kung hsien-sheng nien-p'u ch'ang-pien ch'u-kao YPSCC Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, Yin-ping-shih chuan-chi YPSWC Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, Yin-ping-shih wen-chi Yen-chiu chuan A Ying (ed.), Wan-Ch'ing wen-hsiieh ts'ung-ch'ao, hsiao-shuo hsi-ch'u yen-chiu chuan VII INTRODUCTION "Politics" and "the Novel" in the title explicitly reveal the objective of this dissertation. This is a study about the relationship between politics and the novel. The subtitle modifies and narrows down the focus to that of the late Ch'ing period. It is therefore a study of the relationship between politics and the novel in the late Ch'ing period through the novel of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao (1873-1929) and his views on fiction. 1 have chosen Liang Ch'i-ch'ao as the subject of my study for several obvious reasons. To begin with, Liang is the inevitable figure in any study of the intellectual current of the late Ch'ing period. His influence was omnipresent not only on his contemporaries but also on the later generations, especially such immediate later-comers as Hu Shih, Ch'en Tu-hsiu, Kuo Mo-jo and Mao Tse-tung. No understanding of the late Ch'ing period can skirt over him; and in many aspects, he can serve as the ideal point of departure. Second, Liang's interest and presence was so extensive that he touched upon almost every aspect of late Ch'ing intellectual sphere, including that of fiction, our main concern here. His appropriation of literary works as part and parcel of his package of reform agenda is representative among late Ch'ing intellectuals. To understand late-Ch'ing literature, especially late-Ch'ing fiction, and what people think about fiction at that time, as well as the relationship between a literary genre and its sociopolitical milieu, Liang again is the ideal one to start with. Third, in terms of the development of fiction in Chinese literary history, Liang's 1 2 ideas are pivotal. Even though Chinese fiction, entertaining in its nature, has been tinted with moral concerns in the hands of intellectual elite in its long history, its status as respected genre remained dubious. It was in the last decades