Once Upon a Time in a Nucleated Village Once Upon a Time in a defensive, economic, religious, and social expecta- Nucleated Village: tions. Even within groups great variation existed in the style, form, and function exhibited by vernacu- English Land Use and lar townscapes for a variety of reasons. To explore Town Planning in this concept, this article examines the cultural trans- fer of vernacular townscape plans by New England Seventeenth-Century East Jersey immigrants to the Province East New Jersey. This examination focuses on mid-seventeenth-century Michael J. Gall English settlement of two New Jersey towns: Pis- Richard Grubb & Associates, Inc. cataway and Woodbridge Townships, in Middlesex 259 Prospect Plains Road, Building D County (Figure 1). By examining townscapes as Cranbury, N.J. 08512 designed and contrived artifacts on the landscape (Yentsch 1996:xxvii), one gains insight into the cultural transformation of space with dynamic, multifaceted cultural meanings (Beranek 2012:78; ABSTRACT Thomas 2012:165-186) and the metamorphosis of perceived wilderness into organized communities. Townscape studies and landscape archaeology This transformation fulfilled aims toward wealth can supply significant information about broad and power accumulation, concepts of cultural and cultural development in towns, states, and re- religious identity, solidification of social and fam- ily relations, and promoted gender ideals and mas- gions. The macroscopic view offered by examin- culine responsibility. By carving the land into par- ing communities provides a lens through which cels with distinct, real and conceptual boundaries, cultural, religious, socio-political, and commer- English settlers who emigrated from New England cial ideas are transferred between regions, modi- physically imbedded their cultural identity on the fied by community members, and solidified in the New Jersey landscape, which had a lasting impact creation of cultural identities. Examination of on the cultural development of the East Jersey Prov- seventeenth-century English settlement patterns ince. and their underlying influences in Woodbridge and Piscataway, Middlesex County, New Jersey Through landscape archaeology and historical re- provides insight into the role township corpora- search, this study examines the initial settlement of tion freeholders played in cultural identity for- Piscataway and Woodbridge between the late 1660s mation in northeastern New Jersey. The town- and mid-1670s, with an emphasis on the latter town, scape systems employed by these freeholders had and presents the ways in which English settlers uti- lasting impacts on regional cultural development lized land to promote religious values and create a within the state. cultural identity. Among its merits, landscape ar- chaeology has been used to examine, discern, and define the ways in which inhabitants transform INTRODUCTION landscapes into places with deep cultural mean- ing (Thomas 2012:182). Landscape archaeology During the seventeenth century, New Jersey was studies in New Jersey have enabled archaeologists colonized by the Dutch, Swedes, Finns and Eng- to explore the concept of “otherness” and the role lish. Each ethnic group arrived with their own ideas “others” played in the Northeast region’s cultural about the forms a settlement should take, the ways development. In this study, “others” consisted of the spaces within it must function, and the multi- freeholders or town associates in restricted access tude of roles it should serve in fulfilling cultural, or insular East Jersey township corporations. These 33 Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey Volume 66, 2011 settlement patterns. Following Wacker’s insightful work, numerous regional and townscape studies have been conducted, highlighting the nuances evident in settle- ment patters across the state over time by different cultural groups. Recently, Hunt- er Research, Inc. (2012) and Ian Burrow (2013) have explored the design of the sev- enteenth-century Dutch settlement of Ber- gen in Jersey City, Hudson County, which offers an important, rare juxtaposition between the planned communities of two competing colonial powers in New Jersey. Rebecca Yamin (2011) has also recently synthesized over two decades of archaeo- logical research at the lost eighteenth- century village of Raritan Landing in New Brunswick and Piscataway and utilized the data to examine the role of trade networks in pre-Revolutionary New Jersey. Richard Hunter, Inc. (2011) examined elements of an eighteenth- and nineteenth-century, ur- ban riverfront community in Trenton, New Jersey near the Falls of the Delaware River. Richard Veit and Michael Gall (2013:297- 322) have employed landscape archaeol- ogy to examine Joseph Bonaparte’s mas- sive 2,225-acre early nineteenth-century Figure 1. Map Showing Woodbridge, Piscataway, Other East Jersey Corporations, and Early West Jersey English Towns country estate in Bordentown. Bonaparte (Drawing by Michael J. Gall). used his estate to convey a sense of wealth, transform nature into a controlled pic- associates established communities much different turesque space, and re-create a familiar in appearance that the organic settlement distribu- French landscape that embodied a sense of home tion patterns that developed outside the township for an expelled monarch. The exiled King also used corporations (Gall 2013). It also provides a tool to the estate as a vehicle to educate an American audi- examine the ways in which perceived wilderness ence in French fine art, architecture, and design. The was modified into landscapes easily recognizable free African-American communities of Timbuctoo by European immigrants. in Westampton Township, Burlington County, and Marshalltown, Salem County, have been studied, Landscape studies in New Jersey have shed light on respectively, by Christopher Barton (2013:375- the imbued power of identity and cultural meaning 392) and Janet Sheridan (2012). The studies of- settlers achieved through land ownership and ma- fer insight into marginalized communities and the nipulation. In his seminal work Land and People: agency land granted in their pursuit of a cultural and A Cultural Geography of Preindustrial New Jer- social identity. Over two decades of archaeological sey: Origins and Settlement Patterns, Peter Wack- research by Matthew Tomaso and others (Tomaso et er (1975) conducted a state-wide examination of al. 2006:20-36) has unearthed the complex realities 34 Once Upon a Time in a Nucleated Village of life in the mid-nineteenth-century mill commu- Piscataway settlers arrived from Dover, Portsmouth, nity of Feltville in Berkely Heights, Union County. and Hampshire in the Piscataqua River area near the With the exception of Wacker’s state-wide exami- present-day border between New Hampshire and nation, the remaining aforementioned projects are Maine. Woodbridge was settled by emigrants from characterized by small community studies. These Newbury and nearby towns in Essex County, Mas- community-based studies examine large spaces, sachusetts, roughly 24km south of the Piscataqua within which numerous people interacted. There, River (Monette 1930:83, 89; Mrozek 1971:1). The individuals conceptually transformed land and na- New England residents first came to North Ameri- ture into objects of material culture that could be ca between the 1630s and 1650s from counties in utilized in myriad ways to assert control; uphold re- south-central and southeastern England, includ- ligious values, socio-political ideals, and economic ing Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Berkshire, paradigms; and create social harmony through the and Lincolnshire (Greven 1970:42, 44; Monnette construction of exemplary communities and land- 1930:82) (Figure 2). Together, the Piscataway and scapes. Woodbridge settlers initially consisted of Baptists, Quakers, and Congregationalists, though within de- Through a process of documentary archaeology, this cades of settlement, Anabaptists and Anglicans also study endeavored to examine seventeenth- century deeds and town records as artifacts associated with the early settlers of Pis- cataway and Woodbridge (Beaudry 1993; Langhorne and Babits 1993: 132-137). The neighboring towns were created in the Province of East New Jersey. East New Jersey, the eastern division of the Eng- lish colony of New Jersey, was governed and owned by the East Jersey Proprietors. The results reveal an amalgamated form of English and New England open and enclosed field systems, which were trans- ferred through human exploration and mi- gration (Monnette 1930:89). The cultural mores that shaped these systems are exam- ined herein. This article also builds upon the work of Donald Mrozek’s (1971:1-14) study of seventeenth-century land distribu- tion in Woodbridge, which examines the process of land subdivision used by the Woodbridge freeholders. Here, the focus centers on the motives that drove the type of land distribution employed by the free- holders of both Woodbridge and Piscat- away. The neighboring New Jersey towns exam- Figure 2. Map Showing English County Origins of Initial East and ined in this study were established by New West Jersey English Settlers (After Fischer 1989:32, 440) (Drawing by England emigrants in 1666. The original Michael J. Gall). 35 Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey Volume 66, 2011 populated the towns (Barber and Howe 1847:323). consisted of large, fenced, single-family farmsteads Anabaptists eventually dominated in Piscataway or farm tracts