USAID OFFICE OF FOOD FOR PEACE USAID OFFICE OF FOOD FOR PEACE FOOD SECURITY COUNTRY FRAMEWORK FOR MADAGASCAR FY 2014–FY 2019 SEPTEMBER 2013 This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the support of the Office of Food for Peace, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance, and the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases, and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), under terms of Cooperative Agreement No. No. AID-OAA-A-12-00005, through the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), managed by FHI 360. The contents are the responsibility of FHI 360 and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Recommended citation: Mathys, Ellen and Maalouf-Manasseh, Zeina. 2013 USAID Office of Food For Peace FANTA III Food Security Country Framework for Madagascar (FY 2014–FY 2019). Washington, D.C.: FHI 360/FANTA. FOOD AND NUTRITION TECHNICAL A SSISTANCE Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA) FHI 360 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009-5721 T 202-884-8000 F 202-884-8432 [email protected] www.fantaproject.org Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Country Context ................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Political and Governance Context ............................................................................................. 3 2.2 Economic Trends and Poverty .................................................................................................. 3 2.3 Urbanization .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.4 Land, Agriculture, and Rural Development Context ................................................................ 4 2.5 Health and Nutrition Context .................................................................................................... 5 2.6 Gender and Youth Context ........................................................................................................ 5 2.7 Environment and Climate Change Context ............................................................................... 6 2.8 Humanitarian Context ............................................................................................................... 7 2.9 Food Security Information Context .......................................................................................... 7 3. Food Security Context in Madagascar .............................................................................................. 9 3.1 Food Availability ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Land Availability and Access ..................................................................................... 9 3.1.2 Production Systems, Levels, and Trends .................................................................... 9 3.1.3 Gender and Agricultural Production ......................................................................... 12 3.1.4 Livestock................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.5 Fishing and Aquaculture ........................................................................................... 13 3.1.6 Cereal Availability, Agricultural Trade, and National Food Stocks ......................... 13 3.2 Food Access ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.2.1 Distribution of Food Insecurity ................................................................................. 13 3.2.2 Food Consumption and Poverty ............................................................................... 14 3.2.3 Agricultural Trade and Smallholder Marketing ........................................................ 14 3.2.4 Livelihoods and Off-Farm Income Generation......................................................... 18 3.2.5 Food Purchase ........................................................................................................... 19 3.2.6 Coping Strategies ...................................................................................................... 19 3.2.7 Seasonality of Food Insecurity ................................................................................. 20 3.3 Food Utilization/Consumption ................................................................................................ 20 3.3.1 Trends in Child Health and Nutritional Status .......................................................... 20 3.3.2 Trends in Maternal Health and Nutritional Status .................................................... 21 3.3.3 Water, Hygiene, and Sanitation ................................................................................ 22 3.3.4 Gender and Nutrition ................................................................................................ 25 3.3.5 HIV ........................................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Regions and Populations Vulnerable to Food Insecurity ........................................................ 25 3.5 Coping Capacities and Strategies of Populations Vulnerable to Food Insecurity ................... 27 4. Current Policies, Strategies, and Programs ................................................................................... 28 4.1 GOM Policies, Strategies, and Programs ................................................................................ 28 4.2 USG and Other Strategies and Programs ................................................................................ 29 5. Considerations for Title II Development Programs in Madagascar ............................................ 30 5.1 Objectives and Desired Outcomes .......................................................................................... 30 5.2 Suggested Geographic Priorities ............................................................................................. 30 5.3 Suggested Program Priorities .................................................................................................. 34 Program Priority 1: To reduce chronic malnutrition among children under 5 ....................... 37 Program Priority 2: To increase the on-farm production generated by households .............. 42 Program Priority 3: To increase the income generated by households .................................. 51 USAID/FFP MADAGASCAR FOOD SECURITY COUNTRY FRAMEWORK (FY 2014–FY 2019) 5.4 Design and Implementation Considerations ........................................................................... 54 5.4.1 Integrated Programming ........................................................................................... 54 5.4.2 Geographic and Vulnerable Group Targeting ........................................................... 55 5.4.3 Monitoring and Evaluation ....................................................................................... 55 5.4.4 Gender Integration in Program Design and Implementation .................................... 56 5.4.5 Development Approach, Sustainability, and Exit Strategy ...................................... 57 5.4.6 Surge Capacity, Early Warning, and Disaster Risk Reduction ................................. 58 5.4.7 Capacity Strengthening of Public and Private Institutions ....................................... 59 5.4.8 Social and Behavior Change Communication .......................................................... 59 5.4.9 Operations Research ................................................................................................. 59 5.4.10 Formative Research .................................................................................................. 60 5.4.11 Governance and Conflict Prevention ........................................................................ 60 5.5 Strategic Partnerships .............................................................................................................. 60 References .......................................................................................................................................... 62 Appendix 1. Map of Madagascar ........................................................................................................ 66 Appendix 2. Economic and Poverty Indicators for Madagascar ..................................................... 67 Appendix 3. Regional Household Land Cultivation .......................................................................... 68 Appendix 4. Agricultural Calendar for Madagascar ........................................................................ 69 Appendix 5. Livestock Production in Madagascar ............................................................................ 70 Appendix 6. Most Price-Influencing Markets ...................................................................................