CHAPTER 12 saimr nil LEACHING AND ROOTZONE SALINITY CONTROL failles E. Ayars, Glenn J. Hoffman, and Dennis L. Corwin ll',sful water management for salinity control depends on ade­ leJching, which takes place whenever irrigation and rainfall exceed r; ca pacity to store infiltrated wat r within the crop's rootzone. In dregions, rainfall normaLly results in enough leaching to flush salt dl' rootzone. In subhumid and drier regions, irrigation water that the crop's water requirements may need to be applied to ensure 'Jle leaching. Depending on the salinity control needed, leaching ur continuously or at intervals of a few weeks to a few years. (TOP'S water requirement and salinity control must be prime con­ allon in places where salinity poses a hazard. Proper irrigation the soil's water deficit without a wasteful and potentially harmful l mps need water from irrigation and rainfall to control soil salin­ mJucing drainage (leaching). As discussed in this chapter, leaching r'move enough salt to prevent it from accumulating in the rootzone th crop's salt-tolerance level. Chemical reactions in the soil affect i!1uun t of salt leached, which may be greater than, equal to, or less t\1t.' amount of salt added by irrigation water. 'amount of irrigation water needed to meet the crop's water require­ r~'3 n be calcula t d from a wat balance of the crop rootzone. The !low' of water into the crop's rootzone are irrigation, rainfall, and Jrd now from the groundwater. The depths of each are expressed in 371 372 AGRICULTURAL SALINITY ASSESSM E T AND MANAGEMENT equations as OJ, 0" and Og' respectively. Water flows out due to e\'~p' tion, transpiration, and drainage. Their equivalent depths are repre.tl1' in equations as De' 0 1, and Oct, respectively. The difference betw water flowing in and the water flowing out must equal the change in ·\ age, the depth of which is expressed as 0 , in equations. The water b,ll" equation for storage change is as follows: The equation for the change in salt storage, Ss' is the following: where C = salt concentration; the subscripts r, i, g, and d designate rafT irrigation, upward flow from groundwater, and drainage, rL's pect i\ \!, Sm = the salt dissolved from minerals in soil; Sf = the salt added to soil Rain a fertilizer or amendment; Sp = the salt precipitated; and Sc = the removed in the harvested crop. n If Dr + Og + OJ is less than De + Ot in Eq. 12-1, the crop water de is met by extraction from soil storage and reduced drainage in the WI zone. As Os is depleted, the soil dries, which reduces 0 ", and DI, and :h crop becomes water-stressed. Initially, these processes bring water II from the rootzone in balance with the water supply at zero drain" However, without drainage, salt stored in the rootzone concentrates the remaining stored water, which increases the osmotic stress on . plant, further reducing transpiration. If salts continue to increase in con centration, osmotic stress will reduce plant growth and may result in tl plant dying. Alternatively, transpiration may be reduced to the exter' that an irrigation results in excess water again being present in the prof' and drainage commences (Solomon 1985). This drainage, in tllrn, carm Min salt out of the rootzone and the plant survives. The resulting leach; St fraction (LF) is the absolute minimum at which the crop can extract \Va .1~ ir from a saline rootzone. This L , however, is far less than that needed L prevent a reduced yield. When a shallow water table exists, deficiencies in OJ + Dr may be oil· set by Og. When flow is upward from the groundwater, drainage is zen. and salt will not be exported from the entire rootzone. This situation can· not continue indefinitely. In the field, upward flow and drainage m a ~ take place alternately during the year. Typically, drainage takes place ir Idel the winter and early in the irrigation season, when the water requirt ".. rl ments of the crop are low and rainfall or irrigation water appTica tion~ art S high. Upward flow takes place late in the irrigation season, when water Cni requirements are high and rainfall and applications of irrigation watL' prit are insufficient to meet crop demand. If upward flow continues and slIl· trnt NAGEM LNT LEACHING AND ROOTZONE SALINITY CONTROL 373 ut du to \',lP, I I lleaching does not take place, soil salinity will ultimately reduce hs ar r pre, ~' n l d lOp'S water consumption to the point that the crop dies. Temporary ~ rene bet" ' t'l.'n Ih( ll/ water from soil storage beyond that normally removed between . the chan in h r hllru; or from shallow groundwater is a useful strategy for manag­ The water balan ' \ Jler. However, over the long term and where salinity is a hazard, a Jml'lIward flow of water through the rootzone is needed to sustain productivity. One management strategy in shallow groundwater (12 1 " to utilize preplant irrigation to leach the rootzone prior to plant­ , ,'dl'S 2003). ' fo ll ..n~ HU ,g: rely will conditions controlling the water that flows into and out of rClI.!tzone last long enough for a true steady state to exist. As a result, - Sp - S" (12­ mount of salt stored in the rootzone fluctuates continually. The goal JI r management is to maintain this fluctuation \vithin limits that nei­ r.lin d d d esignutl' dUOII' excess drainage nor reduce crop growth. nage, reo pecti\' '1\ alt adde t 1 .( iI d ; and Sc = lhl' ",lit lJinfall The (oncentration of salt in rainfall (Cr) varies according to distance op wate r demand m tllE' ocean, topography, direction of the wind, intensity of rainfall, ainage in tht, rool­ eographical distribution ot fue \.0t1l\5. The annual de-p sit of alt )", and D t, and til(' rainfall has been estimated at 100 to 200 kg /ha near the se coast bring w a ter Ill<.;\; nJ 111to 20 kg/ ha in the continental interiors (Downes 1961; Cope 1958; at zero drainag '. J~lo n 1963). Although small, these deposits can add up to sizable ne cone ntra tl;' in mounts of salts in areas with low rainfall after several decades. In irri­ lO tie stress on tlw '1 ,d areas, the salt applied annually in the irrigation water nonnally far to incre e in c '11 ­ ·\reeds the salt contribution from rainfall. Thus, DrCr is norm ally i may result in Lhl' ',umed to be zero. Llced to th e eXl en t esen t in the P rotill' ge, in turn, carri ' \lineral Weathering res ul ting leaching Soils in arid and semiarid regions, except for ancient land masses, such ) can extract" atl'r In parts of Australia, are relatively unweathered. Unweathered miner­ Lan that n eded ttl I, pro vide plant nutrients but are also a source of soil salinity (Sm). Rhoades et al. (1 968) have shown that increases in salt content of 200 to i + Dr may be o ff­ 100 mg/l are common when arid-land soil solutions remain in contact ., draina e is 7ero ith relati vely unweathered soil minerals for substantial periods of time. 'hi situati n can­ The .mount of salt dissolved under such conditions depends on the level nd dra in ag rna\ f Ca rbon dioxide in the soil profile. The partial pressure of carbon diox­ 1ge takes pJae i~ Ide can reach 10% or more when oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide Ie wate r req uir.­ l-released during soil respiration (Bohn et al. 1979). r applicati ns a rl' Studies using various simulated irriga tion waters from the western son, when wa ter l nited States (Rhoades et al. 1973, 1974) showed that the dissolution of irri "'a tion w ater pri mary minerals is most important when the irrigation water's salt con­ Intinues and s u f- I\.'nt is low-less than 100 to 200 mg/ L-or when the LF is at least 0.25. 374 AGRICULTURAL SALINITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT For example, irrigation with water from California's Feather River, wl has a salt content of 60 mg/L, results in more salt in the drain water to weathering than due to the salt content of the irrigation water (Rh (1 et al. 1974). The major concern about mineral weathering is the sod' hazard of relatively low-salinity irrigation water. For salt-affected ~ i ..III mineral weathering is seldom a significant part of salt balance com p\ J tions and Sm is generally assumed to be zero. ii... J ! 2 i Salt Precipitation t As indicated in Eq. 12-2, the salt balance is affected by precipitJ ~ ~ reactions (Sp) involving slightly soluble salts, such as gypsum, car .& ~ ates, and silicate minerals. Consequently, the amount of salt leac h. ~ below the rootzone may be less than that applied, as was demonstrJt '1S in a thre ~'-year lysimeter study (Rhoades et a!. 1974). When irrigat '# ..: waters have a concentration of salt greater than 100 to 200 mg/L and LFs are less than 0.25, some salts precipitate in the rootzone and . i stored in the soil profile. When irrigation waters have a moderd S amount of salt, such as the 800 mg/L that occurs in the Colorado Ri\'cr' 0 S lower reaches, and LFs are below 0.25, salts precipitated in the soil pr· c: ~-a. file exceed the amount weathered. .2 ] .1 Figure 12-1 shows the relative amounts of salt that may chemicallypr, ~ :I:: cipitate or become soluble in water due to weathering for various type III (/J .