ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page i Freud A to Z ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page ii ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page iii Freud A to Z Sharon Heller, Ph.D. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page iv Copyright © 2005 by Sharon Heller. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. 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For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Heller, Sharon. Freud A to Z / Sharon Heller. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-46868-1 (Paper) p. cm. 1. Freud, Sigmund, 1856–1939. I. Title. BF109.F74H45 2005 150.19Ј52Ј092—dc22 2004015682 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page v To James E. Wilson, my Freud, and in memory of Teresa Benedek (1892–1977) and Michael Franz Basch (1926–1996) ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page vi ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page vii If I cannot move the heavens I will stir up the internal regions. (“Flectere si nequeo Superos, Acheronta movebo.”) — Sigmund Freud, epigraph to The Interpretation of Dreams ffirs.qrk 1/10/05 12:25 PM Page viii ftoc.qrk 1/10/05 12:32 PM Page ix Contents Preface xi Death 66 Acknowledgments xvii Defense Mechanisms 67 Depression and Mourning 71 Allport, Gordon 1 Dissenters 73 America 2 Dora (Case) 83 Anal Character 4 Dreams 89 Analysis of Self 5 Drives 89 Andreas-Salomé, Lou 11 Ego and the Id,The 89 Anna O. (Case) 13 Ego Psychology 93 Antiquities 17 Electra Complex 94 Anti-Semitism 19 Elisabeth von R. (Case) 95 Anxiety 20 Emmy von N. (Case) 99 Atheist 22 Fainting Spells 104 Berggasse 19 23 Family 105 Beyond the Pleasure Feminism 120 Principle 23 Fliess,Wilhelm 125 Binswanger, Ludwig 24 Free Association 128 Biography 25 Freud, Anna 129 Breuer, Josef 38 Freud the Person 134 Cancer and Cigars 39 Freudian Slip 138 Case Studies 41 Goethe Prize for Catharsis 41 Literature 138 Charcot, Jean-Martin 42 Goldwyn, Samuel 139 Childhood Sexuality 42 Hartmann, Heinz 140 Civilization and Its Homosexuality 140 Discontents 47 Horney, Karen 145 Climate of the Times 49 Hysteria 146 Cocaine 51 Instincts 147 Contributions and Interpretation of Critique 52 Dreams,The 148 Daily Life 65 Irma’s Injection 156 ix ftoc.qrk 1/10/05 12:32 PM Page x x Contents Jokes and Their Relation Psychopathology of to the Unconscious 158 Everyday Life,The 189 Jones, Ernest 160 Psychosexual Stages of Judaism 161 Development 190 Jung, Carl Gustav 162 Publications 190 Katharina (Case) 163 Rank, Otto 190 Leopold, Nathan, and Rat Man (Case) 191 Loeb, Richard 163 Religion 192 Libido 164 Repetition Compulsion 193 Little Hans (Case) 164 Rolland, Romain 194 Lucy R. (Case) 166 Schnitzler, Arthur 194 Masochism and Sadism 167 Seduction Hypothesis 194 Masson, Jeffrey 167 Sexuality, Freud’s 197 Money 169 Shell Shock 200 Moses and Monotheism 171 Three Essays on the Mussolini 173 Theory of Sexuality 201 Narcissism 173 Topographical Model 203 Nazism 174 Totem and Taboo 205 Neurosis 175 Transference 206 Obsession and Unconscious 209 Compulsion 177 Vaginal and Clitoral Occult 178 Orgasm 209 Oedipus Complex 180 Vasectomy 210 Penis Envy 182 Vienna Psychoanalytic Primal Scene 182 Society 210 Project for a Scientific Wolf Man (Case) 217 Psychology 183 Zionism 219 Psychoanalysis, the Theory 183 Psychoanalysis, Bibliography 221 the Therapy 184 Index 227 fpref.qrk 1/10/05 12:29 PM Page xi Preface Freud was trying to map the war zones of the heart, where air-raid sirens wail and bombs blast, and furtive souls scurry around in the half-light, frantically searching for a way back home. In a world filled with psychological land mines, he thought, any step might trigger a memory that explodes one’s self-esteem, and a small trip in the psychic rubble may lead to badly sprained emotions. We belong to our past, we are its slave and pet. —Diane Ackerman, The Natural History of Love In 1993, Time magazine ran a cover photo of Sigmund Freud with the headline “Is Freud Dead?” The answer was a resounding “Yes!” Freud had bungled many of his clinical cases and failed to prove the efficacy of psychoanalysis, and modern drugs rendered his talking cure obsolete. What a bad case of throwing out the baby with the bath water. Freud defined the twentieth century. To the intellectual Harold Bloom, Freud is the consciousness of modern time. Every hour of every day, someone speaks of a “Freudian slip,” an “anal” personal- ity, a “phallic symbol,” “dream symbolism,” “unconscious motives,” an “egomaniac,” “repression,” “inhibitions,” and “defensive” or “conflicted” behavior. There are 1,247 entries for books written by or about Sigmund Freud on Amazon.com and 142,000 entries for him on the Internet. Other recent figures of great consequence— Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Albert Einstein—have not commanded comparable attention to the details of their existences. Look in the index of most any book about human behavior and you might find more citations for Sigmund Freud than anyone else—that includes the thirteen references in my first book, The Vital Touch: How xi fpref.qrk 1/10/05 12:29 PM Page xii xii Preface Intimate Contact with Your Baby Leads to Happier, Healthier Develop- ment, a book barely relating to his work at all! A century ago, Freud jolted our world, and it has never been the same. Love him or hate him, the inferences and reverberations of Freud’s observations have irrevocably altered Western civilization. For thousands of years, people used the supernatural to explain the origins of behavior. Freud turned this belief on its head. Using the scientific tools he had at hand, his insights into the unconscious gave us a language to probe the uncharted territory of the human mind, changing how we conceptualize human nature. Today we take for granted that childhood experiences help mold our later emotional life, that our behavior often has disguised motives, and that dreams have symbolic meaning. People go for talk therapy as commonly as they previously went to confession, and sex is dis- cussed openly in the classroom, on Oprah, and more among one another. We tend to forget the world pre-Freud, where neuroses were poorly understood and many suffered needlessly with no use- ful treatment available; where a general framework in which to understand dreams and other unconscious processes didn’t exist; and where sexuality was viewed as base and taboo. Freud did not discover the unconscious mind. Poets and philosophers, writers such as Goethe and Schiller, whom Freud fre- quently quoted, looked to the unconscious mind for the roots of creativity. Freud provided a roadmap to navigate our psychic life. “Psychoanalysis was forced, through the study of pathological repression,” Freud observed, to “take the concept of the ‘uncon- scious’ seriously”—to elucidate how our feelings, thoughts, fears, and actions are far more intricate and fascinating than they appear on the surface, as they emerge through our dreams, jokes, slips of the tongue, mistakes, and other actions. Arming us with a way to probe this heretofore inaccessible cavern of the mind, he gave us a way to alleviate human suffering. Because most of Freud’s theories, which were developed over a sixty-year career spanning the end of the nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century, are presumably passé, replaced by cognition, neuropsychology, and other modern domains in the field of psychology, his hold on our mindset is a conundrum. Why doesn’t he just go away? fpref.qrk 1/10/05 12:29 PM Page xiii Preface xiii For one, many people relate to his basic premises.