TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................................. 6 PART ONE: BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................9 1.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1.1 Research Questions ..............................................................................................................................10 1.1.2 Thesis Structure ....................................................................................................................................10 1.2 SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................11 1.2.1 ‘The Hereditary Muslim’: Conflating Race / Ethnicity / Culture / Religion ....................................11 1.2.2 ‘Discourse’............................................................................................................................................12 1.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...............................................................................................................14 1.3.1 ‘Discourse’: Foucault ..........................................................................................................................14 1.3.2 ‘Performativity’: Butler .......................................................................................................................15 1.3.3 Habitus, Field, Capital and Symbolic Violence: Bourdieu ...............................................................17 1.3.4 Reading Foucault, Bourdieu and Butler Together............................................................................21 1.4 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................................23 1.4.1 Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................................................................24 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS RESEARCH...................................................................................................27 CHAPTER TWO: GENDER, RAPE AND THE NATION................................................................................29 2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................29 2.2 NATION .......................................................................................................................................................30 2.2.1 The Nation as Construct ......................................................................................................................31 2.2.2. Narrating the Nation, Performing the Nation ......................................................................................34 2.3 GENDER ......................................................................................................................................................36 2.3.1 De-naturalising Gender Identity .........................................................................................................36 2.3.2 The ‘Essential Woman’.......................................................................................................................37 2.3.3 Masculinities........................................................................................................................................40 2.4 GENDERED NATIONALISMS, NATIONALISED GENDERS ...............................................................42 2.4.1 Regulating the Body/ies of the Nation.................................................................................................43 2.4.2 Nation as Family .................................................................................................................................46 2.4.3 Woman as Body of the Nation ............................................................................................................48 2.4.4 The Heterosexual Nation ....................................................................................................................49 2.5 RAPE.................................................................................................................................................................52 2.5.1 Rape as violent crime...............................................................................................................................52 2.5.2 Rape and Normative Heterosexuality: Telling the Difference ..............................................................54 2.5.3 ‘Battle of the Patriarchies’ – Rape as an Act ‘Between Men’...............................................................59 2.5.4 Gang Rape ................................................................................................................................................65 2.6 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................69 CHAPTER THREE: PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN AUSTRALIA AND FRANCE .......................................71 3.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................71 3.2 AUSTRALIA – ‘THE GOOD WHITE NATION’? ..................................................................................72 3.2.1 The White Settler Nation.....................................................................................................................72 3.2.2 The ‘Ordinary Australian’..................................................................................................................74 3.2.3 From White Australia to Multicultural Australia to ‘Australian Values’ .......................................77 3.2.4 The language of ‘tolerance’ and ‘commitment’ ................................................................................78 3.2.5 ‘Culture’ as the New Race and The Myth of ‘Choice’.....................................................................79 3.2.6 The ‘Nasty Migrant’ and the Fantasy of ‘Goodness’........................................................................82 1 3.2.7 “This sun-burned, muscular continent” ............................................................................................86 3.2.8 The Value of ‘Mateship’......................................................................................................................88 3.2.9 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................89 3.3 FRANCE.......................................................................................................................................................90 3.3.1 The ‘Old and Static’ Nation................................................................................................................90 3.3.2 Republican Universalism and the Legacy of Colonialism.................................................................93 3.3.3 “On ne naît pas Français, on le devient”: The Myth of Integration ....................................................95 3.3.4 The Banlieue and ‘les violences urbaines’ ........................................................................................99 3.3.5 Les Affaires du Foulard: Against Laïcité or Egalité?.....................................................................101 3.3.6 Islam, Republican Feminism and La Mission Civilisatrice.................................................................105 3.3.7 Republican Egalitarianism ...............................................................................................................113 3.3.8 The Exceptional Heterosexuality of the Republic ............................................................................115 3.3.9 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................121 3.4 ‘PUBLIC DISCOURSE’............................................................................................................................121 3.4.1 The National Public Sphere(s) .........................................................................................................122 3.4.2 The Role of the Media in Public Discourse.....................................................................................125 3.4.3 Autobiography and The Testimonial................................................................................................127 3.4.4 The Law...............................................................................................................................................129 3.4.5 Public Intellectual versus ‘Ordinary citizen’ ..................................................................................132 PART TWO:.............................................................................................................................................................134