INCLUSION MATTERS IN AFRICA Maitreyi Bordia Das Sabina Anne Espinoza ADVANCE EDITION INCLUSION MATTERS IN AFRICA Maitreyi Bordia Das Sabina Anne Espinoza ADVANCE EDITION The text of this advance edition is a work in progress for the forthcoming book, Inclusion Matters in Africa. A PDF of the final book, once published, will be available at https://openknowledge.worldbank. org/ and http://documents.worldbank.org/, and print copies can be ordered at www.amazon.com. Please use the final version of the book for citation, reproduction and adaptation purposes. © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. 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Cover photo: Geoffrey Ernest Katantazi Mukasa, Red Face A, 21st century, mixed media collage on paper. Artist from Uganda. Image courtesy of the World Bank Group Art Program. Cover design: Takayo Muroga Fredericks CONTENTS Foreword vi Acknowledgments viii Abbreviations x Overview 1 Main Messages 1 Why Social Inclusion? Why Now? 2 Social Inclusion: A Primer 4 What Does Social Inclusion Add to the Focus on Poverty Reduction? 6 Africa Is Striding: Who’s Left Behind? 8 How Does Social Exclusion Play Out in Africa? 16 Social Inclusion Can Be Achieved if It Is a Conscious Choice for Societies 18 Change toward Social Inclusion Is within Reach 20 Endnotes 30 CHAPTER 1 The Motivation and Conceptual Clarity 32 What Do We Mean by Social Inclusion? 35 What Does Social Inclusion Add to Poverty Reduction? 39 Costs of Social Exclusion: What Are the Channels? 40 Analytic Strategy and Road Map 45 Endnotes 47 CHAPTER 2 Africa Is Striding: Who’s Left Behind? 48 Demographic Trends and Human Capital Accumulation 50 Economic Transitions 55 Technology and Digital Inclusion 61 Climate-Related Events and Trends 67 Conflict and Fragility: Challenges to Social Inclusion 68 Political and Civic Participation and Social Movements 70 Concluding Reflections 73 Endnotes 74 CHAPTER 3 How Does Social Exclusion Play Out in Africa? 76 Legal, Administrative, and Social Structures 78 Concluding Reflections 97 Endnotes 98 CHAPTER 4 Toward Greater Inclusion in Africa 100 Who Drives Change, and How? 102 Programs and Policies toward Social Inclusion: Reflections on the African Experience 107 Concluding Reflections 119 Endnotes 124 CHAPTER 5 Final Reflections 126 Annexes 130 References 134 INCLUSION MATTERS IN AFRICA iii BOXES Box O.1 Does Ethnicity Matter for Poverty in Africa? 7 Box O.2 Disability in Africa: The Importance of Advocacy, Data, and Analysis 9 Box O.3 The Importance of Place and Peace for Social Inclusion 13 Box O.4 Legal Reform for Women in Africa 23 Box 1.1 World Bank Regional Strategy for Africa 34 Box 2.1 Ability, Opportunity, and Dignity for African Youth 52 Box 2.2 Albinism and Human Capital Outcomes 54 Box 2.3 Ethnicity and Poverty in Rural and Urban Africa 57 Box 2.4 Areas and Peoples: North and Northeast Kenya 66 Box 2.5 Urban Floods: Disproportionate Effects 67 Box 4.1 Talking About Change: Stigma and Discrimination 103 Box 4.2 Talking About Change: Female Genital Mutilation 105 Box 4.3 Participatory Budgeting in West Pokot, Kenya 106 Box 4.4 Legal Reform for Women in Africa 110 Box 4.5 In the Sahel: A Focus on Young Women 114 Box 4.6 Reintegration for Ex-Combatants 116 Box 4.7 Building Infrastructure Doesn’t Mean It Will Be Used 117 TABLES Table O.1 Illustrative Interventions for Social Inclusion in Markets, Services, and Spaces 26 Table 1.1 Costs of Social Exclusion: Mapping Some Channels 41 Table 4.1 Illustrative Interventions for Social Inclusion in Markets, Services, and Spaces 120 iv CONTENTS FIGURES Figure O.1 The Social Inclusion Framework 5 Figure O.2 Growth of Global Urbanization, 1950–2050 11 Figure O.3 Smartphone Usage by Age, Gender, and Income Level 15 Figure O.4 Perceptions of Unequal Treatment under the Law 19 Figure BO.4.1 Improvement in the Women, Business and the Law Index, 2009–2018 22 Figure 1.1 The Social Inclusion Framework 37 Figure 1.2 Identity Is Salient to Social Inclusion 38 Figure 2.1 Fertility Decline across the Globe 50 Figure 2.2 Female and Male Literacy Rates, Ages 15 and Above 53 Figure 2.3 Poverty Rates in Fragile and Nonfragile Countries 56 Figure 2.4 Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Bottom Wealth Quintile 56 Figure 2.5 Depth of Food Deficit 58 Figure 2.6 Top Problems Facing Countries across Africa 59 Figure 2.7 Smartphone Usage by Gender, Age, Education, and Income 62 Figure 2.8 The Coming of the Urban Age, 1950–2050 63 Figure 2.9 Access to Electricity and Water Services 65 Figure 2.10 Forcibly Displaced Persons, 2012–2017 69 Figure 2.11 Forcibly Displaced Africans, 2012–2017 69 Figure 2.12 Civic Engagement among 18- to 35-Year-Olds in 16 Countries, 2002–2015 71 Figure 3.1 Laws and Policies (I) 80 Figure 3.2 Laws and Policies (II) 81 Figure 3.3 Groups Reporting Avoidance of Health Care due to Stigma and 86 Discrimination around HIV Treatment, 2014–2017 Figure 3.4 Women’s Acceptance of Domestic Violence 87 Figure 3.5 Attitudes toward Sexual Minorities and People of a Different Religion 88 Figure 3.6 Attitudes toward Different Languages and Immigrants or Foreign Workers 89 Figure 3.7 Attitudes toward Female and Male University Education and Female 91 Tertiary Enrollment Figure 3.8 Salience of National versus Ethnic Identity and Feelings of Belonging 92 Figure 3.9 Perceptions of Unequal Treatment under the Law 93 Figure 3.10 Hope and Optimism around the Globe 95 Figure 3.11 Burkinabe Economy 96 Figure B4.1.1 Stigma and Discrimination in Eastern and Southern Africa, 2000–2016 103 Figure B4.2.1 Female Genital Mutilation in Burkina Faso, 1998–2015 105 Figure B4.2.2 Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation in Eight African Countries 105 Figure B4.4.1 Improvement in the Women, Business and the Law Index, 2009–2018 110 Figure 4.1 Social Safety Net Programs in Africa 113 INCLUSION MATTERS IN AFRICA v FOREWORD African countries have seen impressive gains in health, nutrition, education, and women’s empowerment over recent years and the pace of progress in some areas has been faster in Africa than in any other region. Innovation abounds in Africa and is reflected in multiple areas – in the next generation of social safety nets; in new platforms providing services to remote and fragile communities; in the spread of digital technology; and in advocacy movements, bringing previously ostracized people into public acceptance. While positive developments in Africa hold promise, the continent still faces major development challenges – from poverty reduction to overcoming fragility and managing the growing impacts of climate change. Where there have been development gains, many groups of people have not benefited from them.