2018 Building Performance Analysis Conference and SimBuild co-organized by ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA Chicago, IL September 26-28, 2018 DEEP ENERGY RETROFIT VS IMPROVING BUILDING INTELLIGENCE – DANISH CASE STUDY Muhyiddine Jradi1*, Christian T. Veje1, and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen1 1Center for Energy Informatics, The Mærsk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark *Email:[email protected] effective energy measures and techniques (Nielsen et al. ABSTRACT 2016). However, the current approach in the majority of This study provides a preliminary assessment of the energy renovation projects and applications is driven by trade-off between deep energy retrofit and improving the need to change and modify with the absence of a the building intelligence within an energy renovation proper decision-making strategy considering different process. A standard Danish office building from the components including building envelope and energy 1980’s is considered as a case study. A detailed energy systems integration (Friege and Chappin 2014). One of model was developed in EnergyPlus to simulate the the major energy renovation approaches which has dynamic performance of the case study building. gained vast interest in the recent years is the ‘Deep Various deep energy retrofit measures were Energy Retrofit’ (DER) (Jradi et al. 2017), which is an implemented and assessed. In addition, different overall whole-building renovation approach to attain measures to improve the energy efficiency and significant energy savings. The Massachusetts Save intelligence of the building were investigated and Energy Retrofit Builder Guide defines DER as the simulated with emphasis on European Standard EN retrofit of the building enclosure and systems resulting 15232 recommendations for control and management of into a high performance building (BSC 2013). The heating, ventilation and lighting systems. IEA-EBC Annex 61 defines DER as a major renovation project resulting into at least 50% energy savings with INTRODUCTION an associated improvement in the thermal comfort and The building sector was prioritized by the EU aiming to indoor air quality (Annex 61 2012).. achieve the 2020 and 2050 energy and environmental In addition to the positive impacts of such deep energy objectives through enhancing the building stock retrofit projects in terms of saving energy, reducing performance and reducing energy consumption and the emissions and improving thermal comfort and indoor corresponding emissions. In this context, the Energy air quality, this holistic renovation approach results in Performance of Building Directives (EPBD) in 2002 lowering life cycle costs including operational and and 2010 (EPBD 2002, 2010) have set strict guidelines maintenance costs in addition to reducing investment and clear commitment to improve buildings’ energy costs as all renovation measures are implemented in one performance, with an estimated potential of 30% in phase instead of several consecutive phases. Under the terms of energy savings in EU buildings by 2020. The IEA ECB Annex 61, Mørck et al. (2016) reviewed and EPBD requires the EU member countries to develop analyzed information on 26 deep energy retrofit case energy-efficient and cost-effective regulations and studies in Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, standards for newly built buildings and establish Ireland, Latvia, Montenegro, Netherlands, UK and US. minimum acceptable performance standards for They reported the different energy renovation measures existing buildings. Moreover, the Energy Efficiency and techniques implemented as shown in Table. 1. It is Directive in 2012 (EED 2012) has urged EU countries found that the majority of the deep energy renovation to develop comprehensive long-term national plans for packages target insulation of the envelope components, public buildings energy renovation with an annual lighting, ventilation systems upgrade and supply and renovation of governmental buildings at 3% rate. distribution systems improvement. On the other hand, Building energy renovation is defined as the overall as every building is different in terms of location, process to improve the energy performance and geometry, type, use, envelope, energy systems and enhance the thermal comfort and indoor air quality occupancy behavior, implementing a deep energy through implementing highly efficient and cost- © 2018 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org) and IBPSA-USA (www.ibpsa.us). 470 For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE or IBPSA-USA's prior written permission. retrofit approach through upgrading the energy systems user expectations and the changing demands of the and enhancing the building envelope may not be the occupants and the environment (Wigginton and Harris optimal solution for every building case. Therefore, 2002). Ochoa and Capeluto (2008) stated that establishing a balanced trade-off between deep energy integrating intelligent building control and management retrofit measures and improving the building strategies with passive design and envelope intelligence is a wise and effective solution to achieve improvements allows improving the sustainability level the maximum energy savings desired. of the building performance. Volkov et al. (2015) reported that machine learning algorithms are not useful in evaluating building intelligence due to the Table 1 Deep energy retrofit measures implemented probabilistic nature, and presented a tool to simulate Renovation Measure (Number of Case Measure building operation and evaluate the intelligent quotient Studies Implemented) Category employing a dynamic building model. A comprehensive review was provided by Wall insulation (23) Building Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2012) regarding definitions, Roof insulation (22) Envelope performance indicators, benefits and challenges of Floor insulation (15) intelligent buildings from an international perspective. New windows/doors (23) They reported that one of the major components External shading/ daylight strategy (9) Roof lights (6) characterizing an intelligent building is the level of smartness and technology awareness. In this context, Efficient lights/ light control (22) Lighting/ building intelligence in this study is characterized by BEMS (3) Electrical the level of building energy systems automation and Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (18) HVAC control with the European standard EN 15232 on New ventilation systems (13) impact of Building Automation, Controls, and Building New heating/cooling distribution system (17) Management (EN15232 2007), being the baseline New heat supply radiators/floor heating (5) reference. Air-source heat pumps (5) Considering the technical and economic positive Ground couple heat pump (7) Renewable impacts of deep energy retrofit in existing buildings and Solar thermal systems (10) Energy the added-value provided by improving building Photovoltaic panels (10) Systems intelligence using automation and control strategies, this paper examines the trade-off between deep energy The notion of ‘Intelligent Buildings’ dates back to the retrofit and improving the building intelligence within 80’s and different definitions of Intelligence in an energy renovation process. A standard office buildings were provided in addition to highlighting building in Denmark from the 1980’s is considered as a various associated intelligence key indicators. One of case study, and a holistic energy model is developed in the earliest definitions for intelligent buildings was EnergyPlus to simulate the building dynamic energy provided by the Intelligent Building Institution in the performance. Different deep energy retrofit measures US (Ghaffarianhoseini et al. 2012), being the building and techniques are implemented and assessed in which “integrates various systems to effectively addition to various measures to improve the energy manage resources in a coordinated mode” aiming to efficiency and intelligence of the building with improve the performance, enhance flexibility and emphasis on European Standard EN 15232 reduce investment and operating costs. In addition, recommendations. The technical impacts of the deep Leifer et al. (1988) defined an intelligent building as the energy retrofit and improving building intelligence one employing an information communication network measures are reported and analyzed to assess various where two or more energy systems are controlled approaches and investigate a proper balance of automatically, guided by predictions based on the measures to improve the building performance. knowledge of the building and its use. In overall, intelligent buildings improve energy performance CASE STUDY efficiency and flexibility as well as maintaining proper A typical office building from the 1980’s in Denmark is thermal comfort and indoor conditions by integrating considered to investigate the technical impact of various energy technologies, building systems, and various deep energy retrofit measures and techniques in control and automation strategies. Additional studies addition to measures targeting improving building stated that building intelligence is not only associated intelligence using automation and control strategies on with controlling and managing the energy systems, but the level of different energy supply systems. Denmark also with the capability to respond continuously to the has set an ambitious holistic energy goal to become a © 2018 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org)