Water Affordability and Reducing Poverty in Post- Conflict Angola Allan Cain DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP Post-War Angola • In 27 years of civil war, millions of Angolans fled the countryside for the relative safety of the big cities and their crowded shantytowns. • The war resulted in the destruction of infrastructure • The water supply system could not keep pace with the 7% annual population growth. Research Programme on Post-Conflict Transformations in Angola’s Informal Economy supported by IDRC Informal Water Market • The formal para-statal water company can only deliver piped water to less that 50% of Luanda’s population. • An informal water market has emerged to fill the gap. Research on Informal Water Market Community water resource management – an enterprise or livelihoods approach • How is the informal water economy changing in the post-conflict period? • How does the informal water economy work? • Who are the key actors and what are their relationships? • What is relationship with formal institutions? • Relationship between community and the private sector suppliers? • Where is value-added? Where are profits made? • How does the price for water vary across the city? Factors that affect water prices? Informal Economy & Livelihoods Research Framework Geographic Information Systems Participatory and spatial mapping Remote sensing Participatory Water Mapping B V Farol Das Lagostas Pescadores Bairro Da Paz Dala Muleba Forno de Cal Cacuaco Sede Ilha D o C abo NGOLA KILUANJESao Pedro Da Barro Boa Esperanca Imbondeiros ILHA DO CABO Anteiro Kaw elele Salinas Ecocam po SAMBIZANGAMulembaCandua Nova Porto PesquerioPetrangol Chapas Val SarocaMarconi Kikolo Sede Cemiterio EncibiNguanhaOssos 11 De Novembre Compao Bandeira CampismoIlha Da Madeira Cardoso Boa Vista Roque Santeiro Cardoso INGOMBOTA HOJISao Joao YA HENDAMabor Augusto NgangulaParaiso Santo Antonio Ceramica ???? Miramar Lixeira Combustiveis Chicala I SAMBIZANGABairro OperarioMota Bairro CruzeiroSam bizanga Sao Pedro KIKOLO CAC UAC ChicalaIngombota II ZangadoC.T .TAdriano Moreira PraiaSaneamento De BispoMaianga SaoMARCAL MarcalPaulo CAZE NGA KINANGA Cazenga PopularComandante Bula Coreia (???) Rangel Bairro Azul RAN GE LPrecolCAZENGACazenga Municipal Catam bor RANGELNelito Soares Tungango SambaMAIAN Pequena GA TE RRA NOV A CalembaBairro da TerraPolicia N ova PrendaBairro Militar Madame Berma Mulemvos Sagrada Esperanca Tala H adi Martir De KifangondoCemiterioBairro Novo SujoCariango Samba Grande Cassequel PopularLourencoAnangola PRE NDA Sarmento Rogrigues Camuxiba Cassequel Buraco SAMBA NEVES BENDINHAAnangolaSector ???? 1 TALA HAD I Cassenda Sector 3 Vila Da Mata CAS SE QUECassequel L Malanginho do ImbondeiroBanga We Rocha Pinto Sagrada EsperancaSector2 Km 9B MAIANGA 12B Mulemvos Corimba Sector 4 Golf I PALANCGrafanil A Caop C ROCHA PINTO Imbondeiro Terra vermelha 14B(Cambire)Caop A Vila de Estoril Sapú Cao INOR AD Km 9A Bairro do Gamek Imbondeiro Vila deMaria Estoril Eugenia Neto Morro Bento I 12A 28 de Agosto VitoriaGOLFE e Certa Morro Bento II Morro Bento I Weji Maca Vila Nova Nova Vida Km 14 A B Kaw elele ES TORIL A Cambamba I D Futungo de Belas C Cambamba I Boa EsperanE 15ça Chimbicato FU TU NGO Cambamba I 1 DeJemba Maio (4 de Abril) Cambamba II Luanda Sul Mbondo Chapeu KILAMBA KIAXI Regedoria Futungo de Belas Camama Sede Viana II Partido Cidade Universitario 500 casas Nova Esperanca Bairro chines Cabolombo Ngola Kiluanje VIANA SE DE Chinguar CAM AMA Bem Vindo Nova Esperanca AMBA Nova Esperanca Tanque Serra Kikuxi I Tanque Serra Z CA VIANA Tanque Serra Quenguela Norte C Mateia II ue Serra Quenguela Norte Guengue Cassa Vitrona Terra Nova I Tombo Quingolo Demographic Modelling Informal Water Market A complex multi-actor water market has emerged in Luanda as a response to the failure of the state and formal sector to meet basic water supply needs. Actors include: • River water pump owners • Treated water bulk suppliers (girafas) • Tanker truck bulk suppliers • Private bairro-level cistern owner re-sellers • Community water enterprise associations • Ambulant water street sellers Water Price Mapping • The commercial retail price of water varies by bairro from $0.15 to $0.60 per 20 litre bucket • The bulk wholesale price of water when sold by tanker truck varies between $6 to $18 per cubic meter • Price to the retailer and consumer depends on: • distance from the source • quality (untreated river water or treated water from the treatment plant) • Current demand / shortage / season Informal Water Market Average Price of Water Water Trucks [Kz/1,000L] 200 to 500 (19) 500 to 700 (89) 700 to 900 (85) 900 to 1,100 (67) Consumer Spatial Price Coefficients 1,100 to 1,300 (28) More than 1,300 (5) Kz/Km/1m3Kz/Km/1m3 fromfrom CacuacoCacuaco No truck water supply (31) CacuacoCacuaco SambizangaSambizanga 8/Km/1m3 RangelRangel <1/Km/1m3 CazengaCazenga 13/Km MaiangaMaianga 10/Km/1m3 KilambaKilamba KiaxiKiaxi 14/Km/1m314/Km/1m3 SambaSamba 12/Km/1m312/Km/1m3 5/Km/1m35/Km/1m3 VianaViana 2014 Annual water pricing monitoring Water Adequacy - Source What is the main source of potable water used by the household? Peripheral Musseques Old Musseques Organized Musseques Transitional Musseques Domestic connection to public water pipes Ow ner-Built On Planned Sites Public water tap Social Housing Zones Unsustainable access to water Bairro Popular New Suburbs (condominiums) Old Urban Centre 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Water Adequacy – collection time used How much time does it take to get water at home? Peripheral Musseques Old Musseques Organized Musseques Transitional Musseques Less than 15 minutes Owner-Built On Planned Sites 15-30 minutes 30-60 minutes Social Housing Zones More than 60 minutes Bairro Popular New Suburbs (condominiums) Old Urban Centre 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Informal Water Markets Findings • The informal sector will supply important services to the poor in Luanda until the major state infrastructure projects can come on-line and begin to demonstrate results. • Informal delivery of water by tanker trucks is very costly and difficult to control quality and should be replaced by piped distribution systems. • The poor have demonstrated a willingness to pay for services if good quality and regular supply can be guaranteed. • There is a potential for incorporating small scale operators and community based enterprises into the formal water delivery plans in the future. • US$250 million is transacted in Luanda annually for water. Feeding the Public Domain CEDOC monthly Media Scan Fevereiro 2015 CEDOC’s Thematic CDs Media compilation since 2001 New Challenges of Water & Adaptation to Climate Change Angolan urban coastal Soyo settlements that are confronted by the dual Luanda challenge of • supplying their populations (particularly the poorest) with adequate water supply Benguela • while at the same time confronting new problems of adapting to the climate and environmental changes Namibe that are occurring in these highly vulnerable coastal areas. Obrigado .