MILK PRODUCTION IN CAÑETE, PERÙ: RESEARCH ON CHILD NUTRITION AND HEALTH By PRISCILLA M. MEDINA A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Priscilla M. Medina 2 To my family 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank everyone who has provided support, guidance and encouragement during my time at the University of Florida. I gratefully acknowledge the support of Debbie Geiger and the Southern Scholarship Foundation for their financial support that allowed me to pursue my education at the University of Florida. I thank the University of Florida and the Latin American Studies department for allowing me to complete my bachelor’s degree, master’s degree and this thesis. I am grateful to the members of my supervisory committee and other professors for their guidance during the time of this thesis: Dr. Anita Spring, Dr. Richard Beilock, Dr. Michael Moseley, Dr. Jeffrey Burkhardt and Dr. Jim Stansbury. I express my immense gratitude to the farmers and children of the Santo Domingo community for their willingness to participate in this study. A thank you for Teresa Arata, Chelita Farfan , Gaby Cortez and the nurses of Herby Alto and Imperial for their guidance to conduct this study. A thank you to Dr. Carlos Gomez and all of La Molina Agrarian University for their support and guidance while doing my research in Peru. Thank you to Sabino Julian, Victor Cabrera and Elis H. for their support and guidance about the Canete area. I thank my sister and brother, Susan Medina and Moses Medina, for always making me laugh and their constant support. I express my eternal gratitude to my parents, Moses Medina and Susana Medina, for teaching me the value of hard work and for their endless support and encouragement. An immense thank you to my mother for her assistance while conducting this study. I thank the rest of my family and all my friends for their endless support. I thank Andres Vargas for always keeping me smiling, laughing and for his constant encouragement. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................12 Introduction.............................................................................................................................12 Statement of Problem .............................................................................................................12 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................13 Malnutrition.....................................................................................................................13 Measures of Malnutrition ................................................................................................13 Others factors for Malnutrition........................................................................................14 Child Malnutrition in Latin America...............................................................................15 Child Nutrition in Peru ....................................................................................................15 Nutritional Value of Cow’s Milk ....................................................................................16 Livestock Impacts on Children’s Health .........................................................................17 Dairy Cows and Child Nutrition in Kenya......................................................................19 Body Size: Adaptation and Function..............................................................................21 Peru and Santo Domingo........................................................................................................22 The Study: Santo Domingo, Peru ...........................................................................................22 Research Problem and Objectives ..........................................................................................23 Methodology...........................................................................................................................24 2 BACKGROUND: PERU, SANTO DOMINGO AND DAIRY FARMING ........................26 Santo Domingo, Cañete, Peru: A Milk Producing Region.....................................................26 Lima’s Milk Situation......................................................................................................26 Cañete and Santo Domingo.............................................................................................26 Arequipa and Cajamarca .................................................................................................27 Health in Santo Domingo, Canete, Peru.................................................................................28 Population and Health Statistics .............................................................................................29 Basic Indicators ...............................................................................................................29 Body Size Indicators........................................................................................................32 Weight-for-Age ...............................................................................................................34 Weight-for-Height ...........................................................................................................35 Height-for-Age ................................................................................................................35 Phases of the Project...............................................................................................................36 Rapid Participatory Rural Appraisal Phases (October 2002-Septemenber 2003)...........36 5 Intervention Phase (October 2003-September 2004) ......................................................38 Dairy Production System........................................................................................................38 Constraints for Gomez’s Project Success...............................................................................40 Goals of Gomez Dairy Project................................................................................................40 My Research on Santo Domingo Dairy Farmers....................................................................40 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................41 3 METHODS.............................................................................................................................43 Data Collection and Design....................................................................................................43 Indicators of Development .....................................................................................................43 Limitations of the Research....................................................................................................45 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................46 4 RESEARCH DATA. ..............................................................................................................47 Underweight Indicator: Moderate and Severe........................................................................47 Underweight Indicator: Severe...............................................................................................47 Wasting: Moderate and Severe...............................................................................................48 Stunting: Moderate and Severe...............................................................................................48 Feeding of Animal-based Foods.............................................................................................49 Milk Production and Needs ....................................................................................................51 Santo Domingo Households ...................................................................................................52 Participant Families.........................................................................................................52 Non-Participant Families.................................................................................................52 Participant and Non-Participant Families: Compared Case Studies.......................................53 Height-for-Age and Weight-for-Age...............................................................................53 Participant Household Case Study “A”...........................................................................53 Non-Participant Household Case Study “B”...................................................................54