Phylum : Arthropoda Class: Insecta Blattodea Coleoptera Diptera Phthiraptera Hemiptera Hymenoptera Siphonaptera Order: Diptera Suborder: 1-Cyclorrhapha 2- Brachycera 3- Nematocera Family: I- Psychodidae II- Simulidae III- ceratopogonidae IV- Culicidae Subfamily: IV-1- Anophelinae IV-2- Culicinae Genus: Bironella spp Chagasia spp Anopheles spp Life cycle of Anopheles spp: Egg of Anopheles spp Larvae of Anopheles spp Pupa of Anopheles spp Adult of Anopheles spp More details on larval stage: • Four larval stage • Filter feeder • They occur in different types of habitats Adult biology and behavior: • Nocturnal • Exophagic species ( An. albimanus) • Endophagic ( An. gambiae complex ) • Endophilic and exophilic • Time of feeding • Anthropophagic species ( An. gambiae complex) • Zoophagic species Medical importance of Anopheles spp: • Biting nuisance • Malaria • Lymphatic filariasis • Arboviruses 500 million cases and approximately kills 1.5~3 million persons/year ( one death ever 30 seconds) and... 85-90% in Africa Children under 5 and pregnant women are vulnerable the number of deaths is increasing! • Civil war • Environmental damage • Immigration • Increasing of world temperature • Drug resistance in parasite • Insecticide resistance in mosquito • Political problems Causative agent P. knowelsi Vectors: Mosquitoes are definitive host • 483 detected species • Out of which 70 vectors • 40 main vectors • Complex specis Life cycle of malaria: 1- Sprogony cycle ( exogene) Malaria in humans developes via two phases: 2- Shizogony cycle ( endogene) 3- Gametogony Life cycle of malaria: Malaria transmission • Female Anopheles spp • Blood transfusion • Addicted people ( shared syringe) ( No sprogony stage in mosquito and no exoerythrocytic stage in human) • Transplacental transmission Clinical symptoms: • Initial symptoms are headache, vomiting, chills • The classical symptoms is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness, followed by fever and sweating lasting 4 to 6 hours • In P. vivax and P. falciparum • In P. malariae and P. ovalae • Sever malaria: anemia, cerebral ischemia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, black water fever, coma, death if untreated • Mix infection were commonly found in hyper endemic region. - Falciparum and vivax - malariae and vivax Current situation of Malaria In the world: Malaria is endemic in more than 101 countries in the world Eastern Mediterranean Region 15 million annual cases, 47000 death P. falciparum, P. vivax, mix 1- malaria has been eradicated 3- moderate endemicity Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Palestine, Iran, Iraq Libya, Bahrain, Tunisia, Kuwait, Jordan, 2- included eradication 4- high malaria transmission Afghanistan, Djibouti, Sudan,Sumalia,Yemen, Egypt, Morocco, Oman, Emirate, Syria Current situation in Iran • Ancient disease • Endemic foci But the situation of malaria cases were completely different in the next year 24241 reported cases 1384, 19285 . So………….. Foci epidemic in Bushehr province in 1381 . Epidemic cases in border of S. & B. Some foci in Ardebil Province . The data indicate that…………. Current situation in Iran . Elemination Neighboring country, drug resistance, insecticide resistance, ……………… To coordinate interventional activity : First strata: regions with indigenous transmission 1- S & B: ( Iran-Shahr, Khash, Saravan, Nik-Shahr, Sarbaz, Chahbahar) 2- Hormozgan: ( Bandar-e-Abas, Qeshm, Hagi-Abad, Minab, Rodan, Bandar-e Lengeh, Jasck) 3- Kerman: ( Kahnooj, Jiroft) Second strata: with introduced cases and transmission potential Third strata: introduced cases without transmission potential Forth strata: without malaria reports in 3 recent years high risk region . Sistan & Baluchistan, Hormozgan and tropic part of Kerman provinces) . Plasmodium falciparum, then P. vivax, P. malariae . Anopheles stephensi, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. superpictus, An. sacharovi, An. dthali, An. pulchrimus . An. maculipenis IV- Arboviruses: . Arthropod Borne Viruses . Onyong nyong.