View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository MARTIN BROSZAT, SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER AND THE HISTORICISATION OF THE THIRD REICH Daniël Rondags A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of MPhil at the University of St. Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2082 This item is protected by original copyright Martin Broszat, Saul Friedländer and the Historicisation of the Third Reich Daniël Rondags This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of MPhil at the University of St Andrews 10-02-2011 1. 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Date …… signature of candidate …… signature of supervisor ……… 3 Abstract In 1987, Martin Broszat (1926-1989) and Saul Friedländer (born 1932) debated the concept of “historicisation” in an exchange of letters. These letters were first published in the German premier journal Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (Quarterly for Contemporary History) and were eventually reproduced in other publications and translated into English. Today, the exchange between Broszat and Friedländer is viewed as one of the classic controversies in the historiography of the Third Reich and the Holocaust and is occasionally referred to as the “historicisation debate.” This thesis offers a historiographical analysis of the works of both Martin Broszat and Saul Friedländer. The central aim of this thesis is to identify, contextualise and examine the major themes of the historicisation debate. The first chapter provides an introduction to, and a close reading of, the letter exchange and further identifies the three major themes that structure the following three chapters: identity; history, memory and narrative construction; and the centrality of the Holocaust in the Nazi past. Each of these three chapters is divided into two sections: the first half is devoted to Broszat, the second half to Friedländer. The conclusion offers a comparison between their historiographical positions. 4 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 5 1 AN EXCHANGE OF LETTERS ..................................................................................................... 14 1.1 A PLEA ....................................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 FRIEDLÄNDER’S CRITIQUE ........................................................................................................... 17 1.3 A TURNING POINT? ...................................................................................................................... 20 1.4 THE HISTORIANS’ DISPUTE .......................................................................................................... 24 1.5 ON THE HISTORICISATION OF NAZISM .......................................................................................... 29 1.5.1 Identity ............................................................................................................................... 31 1.5.2 History, memory and narrative construction ........................................................................ 35 1.5.3 The centrality of the Holocaust in the Nazi past ................................................................... 40 1.6 QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 42 2 IDENTITY ....................................................................................................................................... 43 2.1 BROSZAT .................................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.1 Hitler Youth experiences ..................................................................................................... 43 3.1.2 Historian and administrator ................................................................................................ 46 2.1.3 “Holocaust” ....................................................................................................................... 52 2.1.4 Towards historicisation ....................................................................................................... 56 2.2 FRIEDLÄNDER ............................................................................................................................. 59 2.2.1 From Pavel to Saul ............................................................................................................. 60 2.2.2 History and politics ............................................................................................................. 64 2.2.3 Subjectivity as method ......................................................................................................... 67 3 HISTORY, MEMORY AND NARRATIVE CONSTRUCTION ................................................... 72 3.1 BROSZAT .................................................................................................................................... 72 3.1.1 Testimonies and memoirs .................................................................................................... 73 3.1.2 Investigation, explanation, popularisation ........................................................................... 76 3.1.3 Historicisation and historism .............................................................................................. 78 3.2 FRIEDLÄNDER ............................................................................................................................. 85 3.2.1 Memory vs. history .............................................................................................................. 86 3.2.2 Testimonies ......................................................................................................................... 88 3.2.3 Memory and narrative ........................................................................................................ 91 4 THE CENTRALITY OF THE HOLOCAUST IN THE NAZI PAST ............................................ 97 4.1 BROSZAT .................................................................................................................................... 97 4.1.1 Broszat and the study of the Holocaust ................................................................................ 97 4.1.2 Nicolas Berg’s criticism .................................................................................................... 103 4.2 FRIEDLÄNDER ........................................................................................................................... 110 4.2.1 Representing the Holocaust ............................................................................................... 110 4.2.2 Nazi Germany and the Jews .............................................................................................. 115 4.2.3 Friedländer and historicisation ........................................................................................