Airbus technical magazine October 2018 #62 FAST Flight Airworthiness Support Technology Already have the FAST app? Now get the latest news for customers via Newsfeed by Airbus. FAST byAirbus byAirbus FAST and Newsfeed by Airbus apps are downloadable to your preferred device Airbus technical magazine Already have the FAST app? #62 Now get the latest news for customers via Newsfeed by Airbus. FAST Flight Airworthiness Support Technology A350-900 tail cone Chief Editor: Deborah BUCKLER Focus on fuel 04 Writing support: Parkinson Stephens Editorial Increasing efficiency Design: PONT BLEU and reducing emissions Cover image: Alexandre Doumanjou Lightning 10 Printer: Amadio and HIRF effects Authorisation for reprinting Monitoring aircraft to ensure FAST magazine articles long-term protection should be requested by email: [email protected] Laminar wings 14 Testing, with pilots in mind FAST magazine is available on internet www.aircraft.airbus.com/ support-services/publications/ Be cool, be efficient 22 Better management of air-con and on tablets or smartphones on the ground ISSN 1293-5476 The structural fuel leak 30 © AIRBUS 2018 All rights reserved. Proprietary document challenge Detecting and preventing By taking delivery of this Magazine (hereafter ‘Magazine’), you accept on behalf of your company to comply with the following. No other property rights are granted by the delivery of this Magazine than the right to read it, for the sole purpose of information. This Magazine, its content, illustrations and photos shall not be modified Ultra Long Range 34 nor reproduced without prior written consent of Airbus. This Magazine and the materials it contains shall not, in whole or in part, be sold, rented, or licensed to any A350-XWB third party subject to payment or not. This Magazine may contain market-sensitive or other information that is correct at the time of going to press. This information Extra distance, extra comfort involves a number of factors which could change over time, affecting the true public representation. Airbus assumes no obligation to update any information contained in this document or with respect to the information described herein. The statements 38 made herein do not constitute an offer or form part of any contract. They are based on FAST from the past Airbus information and are expressed in good faith but no warranty or representation is given as to their accuracy. When additional information is required, Airbus can be contacted to provide further details. Airbus shall assume no liability for FAST any damage in connection with the use of this Magazine and the materials it contains, 39 even if Airbus has been advised of the likelihood of such damages. This licence Around the clock, is governed by French law and exclusive jurisdiction is given to the courts and tribunals around the world byAirbus byAirbus of Toulouse (France) without prejudice to the right of Airbus to bring proceedings for infringement of copyright or any other intellectual property right in any other court of Field representatives and training centres competent jurisdiction. Airbus, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380 and A400M are registered trademarks. FAST and Newsfeed by Airbus apps are downloadable to your preferred device Photo copyright Airbus Photo credits: Airbus Photographic Library, Airbus Corporate Heritage, Master Films, Hervé Gousset, Philippe Masclet, Benjamin Mouchet, Pierre-Jean Argaud, Alexandre Doumanjou, Sylvain Ramadier, Pascal Pigeyre, Anthony Pecchi 03 FAST#62 - 2018 Focus on fuel Increasing efficiency and reducing emissions Article by Nicolas DUVAL Fuel and Emissions Performance Manager AIRBUS [email protected] Emmanuelle AYGAT Fuel and Emissions Performance Manager AIRBUS [email protected] Fuel represents around 40% of an airline’s direct operating costs and is subject to price volatility like few other overheads. Any reduction in consumption not only directly improves an airline’s margins but, equally importantly, brings obvious environmental benefits. What’s the latest on emissions regulation and how can operators reduce their carbon intensity? 04 FAST#62 - 2018 Average prices of jet fuel (US cents/USg) and crude oil (US$/barrel) 220 75 210 Focus on fuelxyz 70 200 190 65 180 Jet fuel was 52% more expensive in May 2018 than it was a 60 170 year earlier. That means, according to International Air Transport 160 Jet fuel 55 Crude Oil Barrel in US$ AssociationJet Fuel in US cents per Gallon 150 (IATA) data, that airlines will pay aboutCrude $40 oil billion 50 more140 for fuel this year than in 2017. Indeed, the industry organisation130 has warned that its members’ 2018 profits will be45 12%Aug 2016 lowerOct 2016 Decthan 2016 Feboriginally 2017 Apr 2017 Junforecast, 2017 Aug 2017 Octat 2017 $33.8Dec 2017 Febbillion, 2018 Apr 2018 becauseJun 2018 Aug 2018 of the fuel price spike. Source: Energy International Agency & Airbus Average prices of jet fuel (US cents/USg) and crude oil (US$/barrel) 220 75 210 70 200 190 65 180 60 170 160 2% Insurance Jet fuel 55 Crude Oil Barrel in US$ Finance Fuel150 3% Landing Crude oil Jet Fuel in US cents per Gallon 50 140 6% Navigation 25% 130 42% 45 Aug 2016 Oct 2016 Dec 2016 Feb 2017 Apr 2017 Jun 2017 Aug 2017 Oct 2017 Dec 2017 Feb 2018 Apr 2018 Jun 2018 Aug 2018 9%Source: CrewEnergy International Agency & Airbus Insurance 2% Landing 3% 1% Line maintenance Today’s aircraft such as the Airbus A350 XWB, A320neo and A330neo are far Navigation 6% more efficient than previous models; the latest generation8% maintenance of engines brings double-digit fuel burn reduction, and incremental aerodynamic improvements such as Sharklets deliver smaller but regular4% gains. maintenance Crew 9% 25% Finance However, it is an airline’s entire operating environment and all the actors involved that contribute most to shaping its efficiency and its fuel consumption. That environment covers the complete flight cycle, from taxi to final approach, landing, ground operations, and maintenance. Direct operating costs 2% Insurance Fuel 3% Landing 42% 6% Navigation 9% Crew 1% Line maintenance 8% Engine maintenance 4% Airframe maintenance 25% Finance 05 FAST#62 - 2018 Focus on fuel CORSIA and carbon offsetting: What you need to know Aircraft engines produce nitrogen oxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, particulates and noise. Reducing levels of each requires different methods. For example, Airbus has partnered with British Airways to reduce the noise impact of the A380 around London Heathrow. They have worked with the thrust and climb angle to reach higher flight levels sooner on departure, and with the thrust and angle of descent to stay higher for longer on arrival. The project has seen improvements over some communities of up to nine decibels on departure and up to two decibels on arrival. However, this inevitably has an effect on fuel consumption. As the most well-known of combustion engine emissions, carbon dioxide gets What is offsetting? the most attention. A single ton of jet fuel produces just over three tons of CO2. To reach civil aviation’s self-imposed aim of stabilising carbon emissions at 2020 Carbon offsetting is simply a way levels, regulated monitoring and offsetting is acknowledged as compulsory in an for individuals or organisations to industry where, according to IATA, passenger numbers will almost double between neutralise their proportion of an 2016 and 2035 at a 3.7% compound annual growth rate. aircraft’s carbon emissions on One pan-national monitoring device is CORSIA – the Carbon Offsetting and a particular journey by buying Reduction Scheme for International Aviation. It is a global initiative overseen by carbon credits on the market ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organisation. CORSIA will make it compulsory and investing in carbon reduction projects. for airlines operating international flights to offset their CO2 production through emission credits on a carbon market fed by sectors seeking to reduce their emissions. From 2019, airlines involved in CORSIA will be required to monitor and report their CO2 emissions. They should begin preparing compliance from 2018. Although the scheme does not fully enter into effect until the end of 2020, thanks to the voluntary participation of numerous nations it is estimated that 80% of international CORSIA key dates for airlines air traffic will be covered by the scheme from 2021. State participation becomes 2018 Prepare compliance mandatory in 2027. 2019 Monitor, report Airbus supports ICAO and IATA in building awareness and helping deployment emissions of CORSIA among airlines. Through the Sustainable Aviation Engagement Programme, Airbus already offers help to airlines with the monitoring and reporting 2021 80% international of emissions to authorities. traffic covered by scheme As an example, in December 2017 the Indonesian Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) hosted a CORSIA workshop in Yogyakarta in collaboration with 2027 Mandatory Airbus, Vertis Finance, Garuda Indonesia and with support from ICAO’s Technical participation Cooperation Bureau. Representatives attended from south-east Asian airlines, civil aviation authorities and airline associations. The aim was to deliver a concrete implementation plan to Garuda and DGCA Indonesia to manage and declare the airline’s CO2 emissions and offsetting obligations. No action For more on CORSIA 2010 2020 2050 Known technology, operations 1.5% fuel efficiency Carbon neutral -50% CO2 emissions see the ICAO website and infrastructure measures