alenc uiv e & eq B io io B a f v o a i l l a a b Rezaei et al., J Bioequiv Availab 2011, 3:11 n r i l i u t y o J Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability DOI: 10.4172/jbb.1000096 ISSN: 0975-0851 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Comparing the Effects of Native and Standard Strains of Monascus Purpureus on Fat Metabolism in Rats Marzieh Rezaei, Rasoul Roghanian*, Iraj Nahvi and Jamal Moshtaghian Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Abstract Background: Monascus purpureus (MP) is a microscopic fungus that belongs to the class of Ascomycets. It has a wide range of use as in pigmenting, flavoring and producing preservative agents for food stuffs as well as cholesterol-lowering agents in medications. This study was designed to compare the effects of a native MP isolated from the microbial collection at the University of Isfahan in Iran and DSM1603, the standard strain on alterations in concentration levels of cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in treated rats sera. Methods: Pigments from the two strains were produced through submerged fermentation. 25 Wistar rats with a mean body weight of 250 grams were distributed into 5 groups of 5 each. Group 1 and Group 2 received red native pigment with concentrations of either 25% or 100% respectively. Group 3 and Group 4 received red standard pigment with concentrations of either 25% or 100% respectively. Treated animals had only free access to pigment solutions as drinking while animals in the control group had only free access to regular drinking water. Results: The results indicate that using pigment in the diet of rats routinely could decrease the concentration levels of Chol, TG and LDL but increase HDL. In this study by using optimization of the culture medium, no adverse effect was observed in the treated animal comparing with the control group. Conclusion: Comparing the effects of the two strains, similar results were observed but the native strain was more effective in and the one were the same in increasing HDL concentration. Keywords: Monascus purpureus; Pigment; Rat; Hyperlipidem red mold rice isolated from the microbial collection at University of Isfahan in Iran with the effect of the standard strain, DSM1603 on Abbreviations: MP (Monascus porpureus), Chol (cholesterol), alterations in concentration levels of cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride LDL-C (Low Density Lipo Protein cholesterol), HDL-C (High (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein Density Lipo Protein cholesterol), TG (Triglyceride), HMG-CoA (HDL) in treated rats was the basic idea of designing this study. reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase), CVRF (cardiovascular risk factors), STD Monascus purpureus (Standard , The important characteristics of MP play significant roles in the DSM1603). human lifestyle as well as in the environment. This fungus produces pigments through its fermentation which have been traditionally used Introduction as additive, coloring or flavoring agents in foods and beverages in Cholesterol (Chol) is a required blood lipid for the body China [1,2]. The metabolites obtained from MP comprise six known maintenance in a reasonable amount. However, high cholesterol levels azaphilone pigments with a color spectrum ranging from yellow to may cause atherosclerosis or other cardiovascular diseases which could red [3]. These pigments have various biological properties including lead to heart attack. All types of cardiovascular diseases are now among hypolipidemic [4], antitumor promotion [5], immunosuppressive [6] the main factors causing disabilities and mortalities in developed and plasma glucose-lowering [7]. In addition, the pigments contain countries. There are many cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) involved some antioxidant compounds including dimerumic acid [8], 3-hydoxy- 4-methoxy-benzoic acid [9] and dihydromonacolin-MV [10]. in cardiovascular diseases of which the most important one is unusual high level of blood cholesterol. The extensive epidemiological studies MP naturally forms 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A have revealed a direct correlation between atherosclerosis and total reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) which is an inhibitor known as blood Chol levels particularly the cholesterol bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL). Controlling Chol levels and the improved methods for increasing *Corresponding author: Dr. Rasoul Roghanian, Department of Biology, Faculty of good cholesterol or lowering bad cholesterol levels could be an Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezarjerib St., Isfahan, Iran, Postal Code: 81746- 73441 Tel: +98311-7932458; Fax: +98311-7932456; E-mail: Rasoul_roghanian@ important step to lowering risks in people susceptible to cardiovascular yahoo.co.uk diseases. Mostly, modifications in lifestyle may be good enough Received November 11, 2011; Accepted December 13, 2011; Published to normalize Chol levels. Such modifications can include dietary December 15, 2011 changes, moderate exercise, and regular use of antioxidants and other Citation: Rezaei M, Roghanian R, Nahvi I, Moshtaghian J (2011) Comparing the cholesterol lowering agents such as pigments, fibroses, nicotinic acids Effects of Native and Standard Strains of Monascus Purpureus on Fat Metabolism and bile acid resins. There is an obvious need for further researches in Rats. J Bioequiv Availab 3: 258-262. doi:10.4172/jbb.1000096 despite progresses in finding new compounds and developing methods Copyright: © 2011 Rezaei M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under to lower human blood TC and LDL to reduce CVRF. Comparing the the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted effect of a native Monascus purpureus or more commonly known as use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. J Bioequiv Availab ISSN:0975-0851 JBB, an open access journal Volume 3(11): 258-262 (2011) - 258 Citation: Rezaei M, Roghanian R, Nahvi I, Moshtaghian J (2011) Comparing the Effects of Native and Standard Strains of Monascus Purpureus on Fat Metabolism in Rats. J Bioequiv Availab 3: 258-262. doi:10.4172/jbb.1000096 monacolin and commercially recognized as Mevacor, Cholestin, were collected from eye medial canthus of each rat while the animal Lovastatin, Statin etcetera. Antioxidant effect of statin is quoted to was anaesthetized with ether. Blodd samples were collected in to be beyond atherosclerosis beneficent with the potential therapeutic the tubes containing no anticoagulant. Sera were separated via cold advantages for atrial fibrillation and heart failure [11]. Monacolin K centrifugation at 3000×g for 10 minutes at 4°C. Chol, TG, LDL and is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme involved in HDL concentrations were determined using a commercial diagnostic the process of cholesterol biosynthesis. It has the potency to maintain kits provided by Pars Azmon Co., Iran. a healthy blood lipid level by means of decreasing the production of Statistical analysis cholesterol in human. MP pigments favorably influence lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic patients. As the alternative treatments, they may The data obtained in this study were analyzed using ANOVA be of great value in prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and LSD’s test for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was and atherosclerosis [12-18]. determined based on the p value being set at 0.05. SPSS, Version 15.0 was used to conduct statistical analysis. Another application of MP is to extract and purify its pigments as food coloring substances. In order to enhance meat color, several Result authors [19-22] have used MP pigments as substitutes for nitrate/ nitrate salts. It is reported that poultry and ham prepared with half The Effect of MP pigments on serum Chol level the quantity of nitrite salting mixture of Monascus purpureus extract After 2-weeks period of treatment, blood factors were determined. maintained the most desirable color, flavor and appearance as well as Table 2 shows the alterations in sera Chol levels. Comparing the treated the best microbiological parameters along with the most suitable salt animals with the control ones, the result indicate that Chol level in rats content [23]. A novel formulation approach to prepare nanoparticulate sera reduced down to 61.6% and 35.5% influenced by use of 25% and red mold rice is also reported with both in vitro and in vivo safety 100% of Native MP pigments respectively. In rats treated with 25% and evaluations indicating no mutagenic or toxic responses [24]. 100% standard pigment compare with the control animals, cholesterol Methods level was also reduced down to 31% and 28.9% respectively. As demonstrated in Table 2 and Figure 1, the overall serum Chol level was Microorganism and pigment production significantly lower in the groups treated with both native and standard Submerged fermentation was the cultivation method applied in this MP pigments, but the native pigment was more effective in reducing study. The native MP and the standard one, DSM1603 were cultivated Chol level than the standard strain. on slanted malt extract agar (MEA) at 25°C. Then, the seed cultures The Effect of MP pigments on serum TG level were prepared by transferring a loop full of spore from MEA agar slanted into a 500-ml flask containing 100 ml basal medium containing Blood TG level was decreased down to 56.2% and 32.5% under 5 g/l peptone, 3g/l malt extract and 10 g/l glucose with the pH set at the influence of treating the animals with 25% and 100% of native 5.0. Each 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 80 ml of the produced MP pigment respectively. In rats treated with 25% and 100% standard medium (semi-synthetic) was incubated with 20 ml of the inoculums pigment, TG levels were reduced to 48.8% and 21.4% respectively culture and incubated at 30ºC, 300 rpm for 64 to 72 hours [25]. The compared with the control animals. Thus, the standard pigment was fermentation process was carried out under the conditions of pH, more effective in decreasing blood TG levels (Table 3 and Figure 2).