ISSN 1989‐8649 Manag. Biolog. Invasions, 2011, 2 Abstract Distribution and impacts of Carassius species (Cyprinidae) in Turkey: a review Biological invasions have caused considerable disruption to native Deniz INNAL ecosystems throughout the world through predation, habitat alteration, competition and hybridisation with Introduction, Hypotheses and species have been introduced in native species and introduction of Problems for Management Turkey as eggs, fry or fingerlings for diseases or parasites. Species of the different purposes over the last five genus Carassius [C. auratus (Linnaeus, In Europe, three species of the decades. Some of these fish have 1758), C. carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) and genus Carassius Nilsson 1832, are been used only in closed systems C. gibelio (Bloch, 1782)] were known; the goldfish, Carassius while others have been released transported to numerous inland water auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), the into open inland waters throughout bodies throughout Turkey. Species are crucian carp, Carassius carassius the country (Innal & Erk’akan 2006). now considered a threat factor for (Linnaeus, 1758) and the prusian Freshwater fish introductions may native species. The purpose of this (gibel) carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, result in impacts as a result of one study is to review the current 1782) (Ozulug et al. 2004). or many undesirable characteristics, distribution and ecological impacts of including: competition, habitat species in the inland waters of Turkey. Whereas C. carassius is alteration, parasitism, predation, native to Turkey, the other two hybridisation, alteration of habitat Keywords species of the genus Carassius were quality and/or ecosystem function, introduced to inland waters of host of pests or parasites (Copp et Carassius carassius, C. auratus, C. Turkey. Date and agent of first al. 2005). gibelio, distribution, ecological impacts, introduction of species are Turkey unknown. Species of the genus Introduction of fish species Carassius were transported to in Turkey, like elsewhere in the numerous inland water bodies world, has had both positive and throughout Turkey perhaps because negative implications. But the of the physical similarity of the impact of most introductions of species to the native common carp fishes is still unknown. Abundance (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). As and distribution of Carassius species a result of mis‐identification, the in Turkey continous to increase expansion of species were not steadily, and are now considered a noticed. These species are now threat factor for native fish species. common in natural habitats, altered waters, park and garden ponds in The purpose of this study is various parts of Turkey (Balık & to investigate risks of anthropochor Ustaoglu 2006; Cetinkaya dispersal of the three species of 2006,;Innal & Erk’akan 2006). Carassius genus in the inland waters of Turkey. A total of 25 alien fish 57 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2011.2.1.06 D. Innal. Distribution and impacts of Carassius species in Turkey Materials and Methods Impacts to aquatic ecosystems Resumen The report was prepared using the Ecological status and some risk reviews of published literature, parameters of species are given in Las invasiones biologicas han causado reports and working papers about Table 2. considerable disrupciones a los distribution and biology of Carassius ecosistemas nativos de todo el Mundo species (C. auratus, C. carassius and The use and value of mediante la predación, alteración del hábitat, la competencia e hibridación y C. gibelio) in the inland water Carassius species in Turkey is por la introducción de enfermedades o systems of Turkey. For each species, unknown. Carassius species are parásitos. Las especies del género information included range undocumented in the live food fish Carassius [C. auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), (including natural and altered industry, methods for its C. carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. aquatic systems) and impacts to preparation and consumption are gibelio (Bloch, 1782)] han sido aquatic ecosystems. unknown. instroducidas en numerosos cuerpos de agua por toda Turquía. Estas especies Results and Discussion Species were originally son ahora consideradas un factor de introduced in several sources for the amenaza para las especies autóctonas. Distribution of species course of common carp stocking. En este estudio se revisa la distribución The genus Carassius members are actual y los impactos ecológicos de Distribution of C. auratus, C. able to live and reproduce at a wide estas tres especies en aguas carassius and C. gibelio in the inland range of temperature degrees and continentales de Turquía. waters of Turkey are given in Table oxygen levels in Turkey. In waters 1. Aspect and distribution maps of C. where species are stocked, the auratus, C. carassius and C. gibelio naturalized populations reproduce Palabras clave in the inland waters of Turkey are readily. Carassius carassius, C. auratus, C. gibe‐ given in Figures 1 to 3. lio, distribución, impactos ecológicos, Species of Carassius genus Turquía C. auratus, C. carassius, C. reproduce succesfully under natural gibelio were recorded from different conditions. C. gibelio easily becomes water bodies (including natural and one of the dominant species in altered aquatic systems). Species stagnant and slowrunning waters live and reproduce at a wide range (Paulovits et al. 1998). of habitat types and appear tolerant Approximately 500‐600 individuals to different environmental of C. gibelio were intentionally conditions; C. gibelio is the most introduced from Kayalı Dam Lake distributed fish species of genus in (Kırklareli‐Thrace) into the Omerli Turkey with up to 77 water bodies Reservoir by a fisherman. C. gibelio invaded (Table 1). Recent interest in has become dominant fish species exotic fish species for aquaculture after its introduction to this and fish stocking programmes raise reservoir (Ozulug et al. 2005a, b). A the possibility of future similar situation was reported from introductions of Carassius species. Büyükcekmece Dam Lake (Ozulug et 58 ISSN 1989‐8649 Manag. Biolog. Invasions, 2011, 2 Types of ecosystems Species Stream‐ Reservoir Localities City Creek River Natural lake Lagoon ‐Pond C. auratus C. carassius C. gibelio Carassius sp İkizcetepeler Balıkesir x x Kadıköy Edirne x x Karaboğaz Samsun x x Karacaören I Isparta x x x Karademir Tekirdağ x x Karagöl İzmir x x Karataş Burdur x x Karın Antalya x x Kars Kars x x Kavaklı Çanakkale x x Kayaboğazı Kütahya x x Kayalı Kırklareli x x Keban Elazığ x x Kemer Aydın x x Kepez I Antalya x x Kınıklı Tekirdağ x x Kızılhisar Uşak x x x Kızılırmak Kayseri x x Kızılırmak Samsun x x Kovada Isparta x x Köprüçay Antalya x x x x Kunduzlar Eskişehir x x Kuşdemir Uşak x x x Küçük Akgöl Adapazarı x x Liman Samsun x x Manavgat Antalya x x Manyas Balıkesir x x Marmara Manisa x x x x Meriç Edirne x x Mert Samsun x x Mesudiye Uşak x x Milic Samsun x x Muhsinli Sinop x x Mumcular Muğla x x Nazik Van x x Nisa Sinop x x x Oymapınar Antalya x x Ömerli İstanbul x x Pamuklu Edirne x x Saka Kırklareli x x Sapanca Adapazarı x x x Sarıcaali Kırklareli x x Selevir Afyon x x Seyhan Adana x x Seyitler Afyon x x Simenit Samsun x x Suat Ugurlu Samsun x x Sultanköy Edirne x x Süloğlu Edirne x x Takmak I‐II Uşak x x x Taşkısığı Adapazarı x x Tatlı Samsun x x Table 1. Distribution of C. auratus, C. carassius and C. gibelio in the inland waters of Turkey 59 D. Innal. Distribution and impacts of Carassius species in Turkey Types of ecosystems Species Stream‐ Reservoir Localities City Creek River Natural lake Lagoon ‐Pond C. auratus C. carassius C. gibelio Carassius sp Terme Samsun x x Topçam Aydın x x Tortum Erzurum x x Tunca Edirne x x x Ula Muğla x x x Uluabat Bursa x x x Uzungöl Samsun x x Üçpınar Uşak x x x Yarseli Hatay x x Yayla Denizli x x Yedigölller Kütahya x x Yenice Uşak x x Yeniçağa Bolu x x Yeşilkavak Uşak x x Yurtluk Samsun x x Zamantı Kayseri x x Table 1 (cont). Distribution of C. auratus, C. carassius and C. gibelio in the inland waters of Turkey References included in Table 1. [Geldiay & Balık 1974; Balık et al. 1991; Erdem et al. 1994; Yalcın 1997; Bulut et al. 1997; Koyun et al. 1997; Alaş et al. 1998; Becer et al. 1998; Kır 1998; Cetinkaya et al. 1999; Taran et al. 2000; Balık & Cubuk 2001; Becer & Ikiz 2001; Koyun 2001; Duman & Sen 2002; Aydın Olmez & Kuru 2003; Balık et al. 2003; Ekmekci & Ozeren 2003; Kılıc 2003; Ozulug 2003; Sası & Balık 2003a; Sası & Balık 2003b; Aygun et al. 2004; Balık S. et al. 2004; Emence 2004; Izci 2004; Kalous et al. 2004; Kucuk & Ikız 2004; Ozuluğ et al 2004; Topkara & Balık 2004; Yılmaz 2004; Anonymous 2005; Ilhan et al 2005; Kır 2005; Ozulug et al. 2005a; Tekin‐ Ozan & Kır 2005; Soylu & Emre 2005; Yılmaz & Polat 2005; Yılmaz et al. 2005; Yıldız et al. 2005; Artar & Akgun 2006; Aydogdu 2006; Ilhan 2006; Innal & Erk’akan 2006; Kusat et al. 2006; Onaran et al. 2006; Ozturk & Bulut 2006; Tarkan et al. 2006; Yegen et al. 2006; Mendil & Uluozlu 2007; Ozcan 2007; Ozulug et al. 2007; Ugurlu & Polat 2007; Fidan et al. 2008; Innal 2008; Sarı et al. 2008; Ozdemir et al. 2010; Sungur 2010; Bulut 2010; Emiroglu et al. 2010; Erdogan et al. 2010; Heckmann et al. 2010; Ozbek & Ozturk 2010; Onsoy et al. 2011]. 60 ISSN 1989‐8649 Manag. Biolog. Invasions, 2011, 2 Species C. auratus C. carassius C. gibelio Parameters Status References Status References Status References Adapt to natural waters x 3,17 x 1,19,21 x 2,4,10 Adapt to altered waters x 5 x 18,20 x 8,9,10,22 Adapt to various physical and chemical factors x 12 x 1,18 x 8,9,10,12 Self maintaining populations x 3,5 x 1,18,19,20,21 x 2,4,8,9,10,22 Fast‐ growing unr unr x 10 High reproductive potential x 3,12 x 1 x 9,10,12,22 Gonochoristic reproduction x 3 x 1,18,19 x 4 Triploidy unr unr x 10 Dominancy x 3,11,17 x 1,11,19,20 x 2,8,9,10,11 Invasive/ dispercal tendency unr x 1 x 8,9 Harmful impact on the aquatic flora‐fauna x 14 x 1,7 x 2,4,9,10 Harmful competition with native species x 11,16,17 x 7,11,21 x 9,10,11,15,22 Hybridization with native species unr x 1 x 13 Fiiling a vacant or a little used ecological niche unr x 1,19 unr Host or a intermediate host of parasites x 23 x 23,24,25,26,27,28,29 x 6 Interspecific competition unr x 1 x 2,4 Table 2.