This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com WAR SERVICE If-: LIBRARy BOOKS ARE PROVIDED -BY THE-PEOPLE OF-THE UNITED-STATES THROUGH-THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION FOR THE-USE-OF THE-SOLDIERS AND-SAILORS RAlLWAY MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING WITH NOTES ON CONSTRUCTION BY WILLIAM H. SELLEW, A.S.M.E. Author, " Steel Rails, their History, Properties, Strength and Manufacture " Non-resident Lecturer on Railway Engineering, University of Michigan Member American Railway Bridge and Building Association Member American Railway Engineering Association 194 ILLUSTRATIONS SIX FOLDING PLATES SECOND PRINTING NEW YORK IX VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 25 PARK PLACE 1919 YKK N-VV V .&? 8929 A A ....••• ill -Ji N Copyright, 1915, BT D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY PRESS OF BRAUNWORTH & CO. •OOK MANUFACTURCRB BROOKLYN. N. V. PREFACE THE book has been prepared from notes used by the author in his classes in Railway Engineering at the University of Michi gan. While it has been written to present the subject from the view point of the student, an endeavor has been made to introduce matter of a sufficiently advanced character to make the book of value outside the classroom. The question of major bridges has not been dealt with, as it was felt that this would be beyond the scope of the work and that it was a subject requiring special treatment. The same is true of yards and terminals, which are so fully covered by Mr. Droege's recent book that a general discussion here would be of little value to the student. Signaling has been touched upon, but the chapter on this subject is not exhaustive and is intended only to give a general knowledge of the work in this field. Very little cost data has been given, as apparently the studies now nearing completion in connection with the Federal valuation of the roads will consti tute the best information to be obtained on this subject. The arrangement of chapters in the book follows the classification of investment accounts of the Interstate Commerce Commission, and no difficulty will be experienced in applying these unit costs to the present work. c As indicated in the title, the work is confined principally to sjjnaintenance. Railway development in this country has reached a stage where it is intensive rather than extensive, and the young engineer is probably more concerned with the study of the improve- of existing lines than the laying out of new roads. It observed that this field offers problems fully as important Hi iv PREFACE as those connected with the construction of the railway. The development of the permanent way on American railways in the past .has been mainly along empirical lines. At the present time, however, owing to the heavy wheel loads employed, the track is much more severely taxed than was formerly the case, and the need for more scientific methods is being felt. This may be said, in a measure, of other departments, and the trend of modern thought is distinctly in the direction of a more careful analysis of the results obtained in this service than was formerly generally supposed necessary. The author has much pleasure in expressing his appreciation of the assistance given to him. He has endeavored to acknowledge this in each case throughout the book, and if he has been remiss in this respect it has been unintentional. He is much indebted to Professor A. R. Bailey for an examination of the manuscript and proofs. The proceedings of the American Railway Engineering Association and of the American Railway Bridge and Building Association have been freely quoted from and considerable material, in the preparation of the article on this subject, has been taken from the book " Electric Interlocking," written by the engineers on the staff of the General Railway Signal Company. WILLIAM H. SELLEW. MICHIGAN CENTRAL STATION, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, May, 1915 CONTENTS CHAPTER I ENGINEERING 1. RECONNAISSANCE AND EXPLORATION SURVEYS, 1. 2. LOCATION, 7. 3. CONSTRUCTION, 10. 4. ESTIMATION OF QUANTITIES, 13. 6. CURVES AND SPIRALS, 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY, 21. CHAPTER II LAND 6. BASIC DIVISIONS OF LAND, 23. Writing Descriptions of Property to be Acquired. 7. United States Surveys, 26. 8. Irregular Surveyed Land, 29. 9. Additional Widths, 30. 10. City Property, Town Lots, 32. Writing Descriptions of Property to be Leased. 11. First Class, 34. 12. Second Class, 34. 13. Third Class, 34. 14. PURCHASE OF LAND, 36. BIBLIOG RAPHY, 38. CHAPTER III GRADING 16. SECTIONS, 39. 16. DRAINAGE, 41. 17. CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD BED, 45. 18. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT, 53. 19. BEARING POWER OF THE SUB-GRADE, 54. BIBLIOGRAPHY, 59. CHAPTER IV BRIDGES, TRESTLES AND CULVERTS 20. MASONRY CULVERTS, 60. 21. PILE AND FRAME TRESTLES, 60. 22. CONCRETE TRESTLES, 64. 23. PIPE CULVERTS, 65. 24. WATERWAY, 67. BIBLIOGRAPHY, 70. vi CONTENTS Chapteii V TIES 25. Fobmsof, 72. 26. Metal Ties, 74. 27. Concrete Ties, 75. Wood Ties. 28. Production of, 77. 29. Specifications, 80. 30. Available Woods, 85. 31. Conservation of the Timber Supply, 88. Tie Preservation. 32. General, 89. 33. Creosote Process, 91. 34. Zinc Chloride Process, 96. 35. Strength of, 96. Bibliography, 99. Chapter VI RAILS Sections. 36. Early, 102. 37. Present, 104. 38. Foreign, 108. 39. Weight, 108. 40. Stresses, 111. Manufacture. 41. The Blast Furnace. 117. 42. Bessemer Process, 119. 43. Open-hearth Process, 121. 44. Duplex ing, 123. 46. The Ingot, 123. 46. Rolling, 126. Chemical Composition. 47. Effect of Different Elements, 130. 48. Of Early Rails, 131. 49. Present Practice, 132. 50. Special, 132. 51. Specifications, 133. 52. Lengths, 134. 53. Rail Failures, 135. Bibliography, 136. Chapter VII OTHER TRACK MATERIAL Turnouts. 64. Switches, 138. 55. Frogs, 142. 56. Derails, 147. 57. Crossings, 150. 58. Joints, 152. 69. Bolts, 159. 60. Nut Locks, 160. 61. Spikes, 161. 62. Tie Plates, 163. 63. Anti-Creepers, 166. 64. Bumping Posts, 167. Bibliography, 169. Chapter VIII BALLAST Kinds of. 66. For First-class Track, 172. 66. For Branch Lines, 173. 67. Sub-Ballast, 174. 68. Sections, 174. 69. Specifications, 176. 70. Physical Tests, 176. 71. Cleaning, 178. 72. Handling and Distribu ting, 179. 73. Distribution of Pressure through, 179. Bibliography, 190. Chapter IX MAINTAINING TRACK AND RIGHT OF WAY 74. Track Laying, 192. 75. Surfacing, 195. 76. Right of Way Fences, 201. 77. Snow and Sand Fences-, and Snow Sheds, 206. 78. CONTENTS vii Crossings, 209. 79. Signs, 211. 80. Roadway Small Tools, 214. 81. Section Work, 216. 82. Fires on Right of Way, 223. Bibliography, 225. Chapter X STATION AND ROADWAY BUILDINGS 83. Local Stations, 227. 84. Terminal Passenger Stations, 231. 86. Terminal Freight Stations, 233. 86. Track Scales, 236. 87. Road way Buildings, 238. Bibliography, 242. Chapter XI WATER STATIONS 88. Pumping, 243. 89. Tanks, 247. 90. Stand-pipes, 249. 91. Track Tanks, 254. 92. Water-treating Plants, 257. Bibliography, 259. Chapter XII FUEL STATIONS 93. Platforms, 260. 94. Docks, 260. 95. Clam Shells, 262. 96. Mechanical Plants, 262. 97. Storage of Coal, 266. Bibliography, 270. Chapter XIII SHOPS AND ENGINE HOUSES 98. Round Houses, 271. 99. Heating Plants, 274. 100. Turn tables, 276. 101. Cinder Pits, 278. 102. Sand Houses, 280. 103. Shops, 281. Bibliography, 284. Chapter XIV ICING STATIONS 104. Harvesting Natural Ice, 285. 105. Manufacture of Ice, 288. 106. Insulation, 289. 107. Buildings for Storing Ice, 298. 108. De livering Ice to Cars, 308. Bibliography, 311. viii CONTENTS Chapter XV SIGNALS AND INTERLOCKERS 109. Essentials of Signaling, 312. 110. Train Order and Manual Block Signals, 317. Automatic Block. 111. General, 318. 112. Track Circuits, 321. 113. Signals, 323. 114. Mechanical Interlockero, 326. Power Interlockers. 115. Electro-Pneumatic, 335. 116. Electric, 339. Bibliography, 350. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE CHAPTEB I. ENGINEERING 1 FIG. 1. U. S. Geological Survey Map 2 2. Reconnaissance Map of Saluda Hill, Southern Railway 3 3. Photograph by Canadian Survey and used in Map Construction . 6 4. Projection of Camera Plates from a Station 6 5. Projection of Camera Plates, Elevations 7 6. Map of Line in Broken Country 9 7. Revision of Line 10 8. View of Line shown in Fig. 7 11 9. Construction Profile 12 10. Cross-section Notes 15 11. Cross-section Note Book used in Federal Valuation 17 12. Elevation of Outer Rail on Curves 18 CHAPTER II. LAND 23 13. United States Surveys, on Surveyed Lines 27 14. United States Surveys, Tracts of Land 28 15. United States Surveys, Strips along Existing Tracts 28 16. Irregular Surveyed Land 29 17. Additional Widths, Regular 31 18. Additional Widths, Trapezoidal or Irregular 31 19. City Property. Lot or Even Part of Lot 33 20. City Property. Right of Way Cutting across Lots 33 21. Leases ! 35 CHAPTER III. GRADING 39 22. Four-Track Roadway, Pennsylvania Railroad 40 23. American Railway Ditcher 42 24. Cost of Handling Material with Double-ditcher Tram 43 25. Grading with Wheel Scrapers 46 he x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FiG. PAGE 26. Western Wheel Scraper .- 46 27. Western Slip or Drag Scraper 47 28. Western Elevating Grader 48 29. 70 C. Bucyrus Steam Shovel 48 30. Marion Steam Shovel in a Through Cut 49 31. Steam Shovel Widening Cut 50 32. Steam Shovel Lowering Cut 50 33. Left-hand Side Plow at Work on the Erie Railroad 51 34. 12-yard Western Air-dump Cars Filling Trestle 52 35. Mann-McCann Spreader 53 36. Resistance of Sub-grade to Pressure of the Track 56 CHAPTER IV. BRIDGES, TRESTLES AND CULVERTS . 60 37. Reinforced Concrete Arch Culverts, Pennsylvania Railroad 60 38. Kilton Culvert, North Eastern Railway 61 39. Standard Trestle, Pennsylvania Railroad 63 40.